Optimization studies of carbon additives to negative active material for the purpose of extending the life of VRLA batteries in high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Boden, David P.; Loosemore, Daniel V.; Spence, Matthew A.; Wojcinski, T.D.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.069

Cited by 84 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…As with Shiomi, Boden, et al 10 observed that the cycle life was increased by eliminating surface buildup of PbSO 4 on the negative electrode (i.e., hard sulfation), and also hypothesized that the increased capacity of the carbon-modified battery was due to the increased electrochemical efficiency of the NAM brought about by the more thorough use of the electrode. Boden also reported that metallic lead clusters were observed on the surface of carbon particle, indicating that the soluble lead ions were electrochemically reduced on the carbon surface in the same way as they are on lead surfaces.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 79%

Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program (FY11 Quarter 4: July through September 2011).

Ferreira¹,

Rodney²,

Enos³

2011

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 79%

Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program (FY11 Quarter 4: July through September 2011).

Ferreira¹,

Rodney²,

Enos³

2011

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“…The concentration of 4BS was 34%, 51% and 49%, respectively obtained in the positive electrode consisting 0.35%, 0.70% and 1.40% of TiO 2 . The 4BS was found appreciably higher which was obtained at higher temperature and humidity [11,12]. The presence of 4BS in the positive electrode enhances the strength of electrode by interconnected structure and also porosity in the positive electrode [12].…”

Section: Structural and Morphology Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nakamura, et al [8] had successfully achieved in eliminating the sulfation in the negative by increasing the carbon content which further enhanced the life of the battery. The carbon of different grades is obviously an additive in the negative and was found to have beneficial effects on the material properties [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Some of these benefits are: improving conductivity of active mass, facilitating the formation of small isolated lead sulfate crystals, impeding the reaction of hydrogen evolution, and also acting as an electro-osmotic pump to diffuse acid into D DAVID PUBLISHING the negative electrode.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Additives on the Performance of Lead Acid Batteries

Rekha¹,

Venkateswarlu²,

Murthy³

et al. 2015

JEPE

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Effect of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and carbon additives in the respective positive and negative material properties and the influence on the performance of the battery were investigated. The electrode samples were characterized by BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller), XRD (X-ray diffractometer), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) to understand the surface area, phase, structure, morphology and electrical conductivity of the respective electrode material. The surface area was obtained as 2.312 m 2 ·g -1 and 0.892 m 2 ·g -1 , respectively for 12% of activated carbon in the expander of negative and 0.70% of TiO 2 (Titanium dioxide) in the PAM (positive active material). The structural analysis reveals an increase in the tetrabasic lead sulfate and also evidenced by well grown crystals in the PAM with the TiO 2 , respectively obtained by XRD and SEM techniques. The impedance spectra analysis shows an increase of electrical conductivity of negative active mass with temperature. The battery results showing two fold enhancements in the charge acceptance were attributed to the high surface area activated carbon in the NAM (negative active material). The materials properties of electrodes and their influence on the battery performance were discussed.

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“…6,7,[9][10][11]13,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Researchers have hypothesized that carbon contributes in one or more different aspects of battery performance. Chemical reactivity and surface area are important if the material is electrochemically active.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, large specific gravity differences and poor grid adhesion may result in a non-uniform carbon dispersion within the NAM. 6,16,17,21,23,28 In this work, VRLA battery cells were constructed with negative plates containing a series of different carbon additives, along with an unmodified control within a commercially available VRLA battery case, using standard fabrication processes. The carbon materials were selected such that a range of carbon morphologies and production methods were captured.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Enos

Ferreira

Barkholtz

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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While the low cost and strong safety record of lead-acid batteries make them an appealing option compared to lithium-ion technologies for stationary storage, they can be rapidly degraded by the extended periods of high rate, partial state-of-charge operation required in such applications. Degradation occurs primarily through a process called hard sulfation, where large PbSO 4 crystals are formed on the negative battery plates, hindering charge acceptance and reducing battery capacity. Various researchers have found that the addition of some forms of excess carbon to the negative active mass in lead-acid batteries can mitigate hard sulfation, but the mechanism through which this is accomplished is unclear. In this work, the effect of carbon composition and morphology was explored by characterizing four discrete types of carbon additives, then evaluating their effect when added to the negative electrodes within a traditional valve-regulated lead-acid battery design. The cycle life for the carbon modified cells was significantly larger than an unmodified control, with cells containing a mixture of graphitic carbon and carbon black yielding the greatest improvement. The carbons also impacted other electrochemical aspects of the battery (e.g., float current, capacity, etc.) as well as physical characteristics of the negative active mass, such as the specific surface area. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are a mature rechargeable energy storage technology. Low initial cost, well-established manufacturing base, proven safety record, and exceptional recycling efficiency make VRLA batteries a popular choice for emerging energy storage needs.1,2 VRLA batteries are employed in stationary storage applications such as: utility ancillary regulation services, wind farm energy smoothing, and solar photovoltaic energy smoothing.3 Stationary applications may require short duration, high-rate, and partial state-of-charge cycling (HRPSoC). 4 Under HRPSoC duty, conventional VRLA cells fail prematurely from irreversible PbSO 4 formation within the negative plates.5 Regular cycling to 100% state-of-charge (SoC) mitigates PbSO 4 crystal formation and growth. However, regularly cycling to 100% SoC is not viable for many stationary storage applications. Large PbSO 4 crystals are not easily reduced back to metallic lead during HRPSoC charging, reducing cycle life. Reduced cycle life of VRLA batteries increases the operating cost, thereby limiting their practicality for stationary applications.VRLA battery HRPSoC cycle life can be increased with carbon modification of the negative active material (NAM).6-10 Adding carbon to the negative plate inhibits PbSO 4 crystal formation and/or limits PbSO 4 crystal growth.11-13 The underlying mechanism responsible for reducing PbSO 4 formation/accumulation is dependent on the size of the PbSO 4 crystallites. Controlling PbSO 4 microstructure has been found to be difficult while maintaining low cost. Other methods exist to limit PbSO 4 crystal size; including utilization of a carbon honeyco...

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Optimization studies of carbon additives to negative active material for the purpose of extending the life of VRLA batteries in high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Cited by 84 publications

References 1 publication

Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program (FY11 Quarter 4: July through September 2011).

Understanding the function and performance of carbon-enhanced lead-acid batteries : milestone report for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program (FY11 Quarter 4: July through September 2011).

Effect of Additives on the Performance of Lead Acid Batteries

Understanding Function and Performance of Carbon Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

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