“…To expedite computations, different levels of models and descriptions should be devoted to different zones and components of the problem in order to allocate computational resources more effectively and economically. This might be the case for many other coupled multiphysics systems relevant to fluid dynamics, such as heterogeneous multiscale problems [90,150,151,167,268,269], fluid–structure interaction [240,335], aerospatial [75,302,354], subsurface [48,206], and wind farm applications [309]. Since various zones in these systems are connected through interfaces, data sharing and consistent interface treatment among respective models are inevitable (e.g., Dirichlet–Neumann, Dirichlet–Robin, and Robin–Robin).…”