“…Characterized by the cleanliness and high efficiency of fuel cells, these energy transfer devices are considered to be promising emerging energy sources in the future. However, the sluggish dynamics process for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) derived from complex mass transport and multielectron conduction processes limit the commercial application of fuel cells. − For this reason, various catalysts, including platinum-based materials, nonprecious metal nanoparticles, and metal-free carbon-based materials, are used. Basically, numerous research studies on catalyst have reported about improvements in the adsorption of O 2 and oxygen-related intermediates, strength of O–O band, and acceleration of the desorption of H 2 O. , Nowadays, the catalysts widely used in fuel cells are based on platinum due to their suitable appropriate adsorption and desorption energy barrier on their surface, while the expensive raw materialsand relatively poor stability and durability of platinum-based catalysts seriously restrict their large-scale applications .…”