Optimized manufacturing of thermoplastic biocomposites by fast induction-heated compression moulding: Influence of processing parameters on microstructure development and mechanical behaviour

Ramakrishnan, Karthik Ram; Moigne, Nicolas Le; Almeida, Olivier de; Regazzi, Arnaud; Corn, Stéphane

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105493

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Flax/thermoplastic fabric consists of twistless flax fibres and polypropylene (PP) fibres mixed in the ratio of 40/60 (v/v). The commingled fibres are then woven in a balanced 2x2 twill architecture to form fabrics with areal density of 400 g/m 2 [25]. For the thermoset composite, dry flax woven fabrics (Biotex Flax, 400 g/ m 2 ) also supplied by Composites Evolution and a two-part epoxy resin (1800 epoxy resin and 1805 aliphatic amine hardener) supplied by Resoltech Advanced Technology Resins, France were chosen.…”

Section: Manufacturing Of Composite Specimenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that the limited wettability of natural fibres towards apolar and viscous matrices such as PP leads to poor impregnation and the formation of micro and macropores. Ramakrishnan et al [25] calculated the porosity volume fraction from X-ray computed tomography analysis and reported that the pressure and temperature of the manufacturing process have a strong influence on the formation of pores. It has also been reported [29] that surface treatments can be successfully used to increase the interactions between natural fibres and polymer matrices, and significantly enhance the interfacial adhesion leading to better stiffness and possibly modifying impact strength properties.…”

Section: Visual Assessment Of Impact Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental assessment of low velocity impact damage in flax fabrics reinforced biocomposites by coupled high-speed imaging and DIC analysis

Ramakrishnan

Corn

Moigne³

et al. 2021

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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Structural composite materials with good impact resistance are required in several industrial sectors to design parts submitted to crashes or falling objects. This work investigates the impact behaviour of flax fabrics-epoxy and commingled flax-polypropylene (PP) fibres composite plates manufactured using compression moulding process. An instrumented drop tower was used to conduct low velocity impact tests at several energies and highspeed imaging coupled with DIC analysis was used to assess the damage evolution. A crack-tracking algorithm was implemented in ImageJ to identify the initiation and propagation of cracks. A comparison of the forcedisplacement histories and high-speed camera results for both composites were used to identify the different modes of damage and the critical energy for complete penetration. The proposed method is able to depict the successive events that lead to the breakage of biocomposites and it will be a valuable tool to investigate the impact behaviour of other materials as well.

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Section: Manufacturing Of Composite Specimenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual Assessment Of Impact Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental assessment of low velocity impact damage in flax fabrics reinforced biocomposites by coupled high-speed imaging and DIC analysis

Ramakrishnan

Corn

Moigne³

et al. 2021

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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“…Only convex shape components can be manufactured using this technique. Whereas in compression molding, heat and pressure are applied for specific time to manufacture different laminar composites [ 7 ]. The use of dies and molds in compression molding increases the lead time and production cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Toughness of Hybrid Carbon Fiber-PLA/ABS Laminar Composite Produced through Fused Filament Fabrication

et al. 2021

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Nowadays, the components of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (an important material) are directly produced with 3D printing technology, especially Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). However, such components suffer from poor toughness. The main aim of this research is to overcome this drawback by introducing an idea of laying down a high toughness material on the 3D-printed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite sheet, thereby making a hybrid composite of laminar structure. To ascertain this idea, in the present study, a carbon-reinforced Polylactic Acid (C-PLA) composite sheet was initially 3D printed through FFF technology, which was then laid upon with the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), named as C-PLA/ABS hybrid laminar composite, in an attempt to increase its impact toughness. The hybrid composite was fabricated by varying different 3D printing parameters and was then subjected to impact testing. The results revealed that toughness increased by employing higher layer thickness and clad ratio, while it decreased by increasing the fill density, but remained unaffected due to any change in the raster angle. The highest impact toughness (23,465.6 kJ/m2) was achieved when fabrication was performed employing layer thickness of 0.5 mm, clad ratio of 1, fill density of 40%. As a result of laying up ABS sheet on C-PLA sheet, the toughness of resulting structure increased greatly (280 to 365%) as compared to the equivalent C-PLA structure, as expected. Two different types of distinct failures were observed during impact testing. In type A, both laminates fractured simultaneously without any delamination as a hammer hit the sample. In type B, the failure initiated with fracturing of C-PLA sheet followed by interfacial delamination at the boundary walls. The SEM analysis of fractured surfaces revealed two types of pores in the C-PLA lamina, while only one type in the ABS lamina. Further, there was no interlayer cracking in the C-PLA lamina contrary to the ABS lamina, thereby indicating greater interlayer adhesion in the C-PLA lamina.

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“…These products, manufactured at low cost [6] and in high volume, are particularly popular in the automotive sector to design and produce non-structural interior composite parts [7]. Currently, such preforms are made using a mix of plant fibres and thermoplastic fibres, such as poly-(propylene) (PP), which has good mechanical properties as well as a low melting temperature, which is an important parameter to prevent plant fibre damage during the processing stage [8,9]. To improve the end of life of these materials [10], it is interesting to study the coupling of flax fibres with a biobased and biodegradable polymer matrix such as poly-(lactid) (PLA) or poly-(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre Individualisation and Mechanical Properties of a Flax-PLA Non-Woven Composite Following Physical Pre-Treatments

et al. 2021

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Pre-treatments for plant fibres are very popular for increasing the fineness of bundles, promoting individualisation of fibres, modifying the fibre-matrix interface or reducing water uptake. Most pre-treatments are based on the use of chemicals and raise concerns about possible harmful effects on the environment. In this study, we used physical pre-treatments without the addition of chemical products. Flax tows were subjected to ultrasound and gamma irradiation to increase the number of elementary fibres. For gamma pre-treatments, a 20% increase in the number of elementary fibres was quantified. The biochemical composition of pre-treated flax tows exhibited a partial elimination of sugars related to pectin and hemicelluloses depending on the pre-treatment. The hygroscopic behaviour showed a comparable decreasing trend for water sorption-desorption hysteresis for both types of pre-treatment. Then, non-woven composites were produced from the pre-treated tows using poly-(lactid) (PLA) as a bio-based matrix. A moderate difference between the composite mechanical properties was generally demonstrated, with a significant increase in the stress at break observed for the case of ultrasound pre-treatment. Finally, an environmental analysis was carried out and discussed to quantitatively compare the different environmental impacts of the pre-treatments for composite applications; the environmental benefit of using gamma irradiation compared to ultrasound pre-treatment was demonstrated.

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Optimized manufacturing of thermoplastic biocomposites by fast induction-heated compression moulding: Influence of processing parameters on microstructure development and mechanical behaviour

Cited by 30 publications

References 33 publications

Experimental assessment of low velocity impact damage in flax fabrics reinforced biocomposites by coupled high-speed imaging and DIC analysis

Experimental assessment of low velocity impact damage in flax fabrics reinforced biocomposites by coupled high-speed imaging and DIC analysis

Impact Toughness of Hybrid Carbon Fiber-PLA/ABS Laminar Composite Produced through Fused Filament Fabrication

Fibre Individualisation and Mechanical Properties of a Flax-PLA Non-Woven Composite Following Physical Pre-Treatments

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