Optimizing Blade‐Coated Tin–lead Perovskite Solar Cells and Tandems with Multi‐Carboxyl and Amino Group Integration

Abstract

Mixed tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites often face a daunting challenge: rapid and uncontrollable crystallization, leading to a plethora of defects and significant stress. This issue is particularly exacerbated during the blade‐coating preparation of scalable Sn–Pb perovskite films. In this study, a facile strategy involving the addition of ammonium citrate (AC) to narrow‐bandgap mixed Sn–Pb perovskite precursors is introduced. AC, armed with its arsenal of multiple carboxyl and amino groups, acts as a virtuoso conductor, orchestrating controlled crystal growth by harmonizing with Pb2+ and Sn2+ ions. This addition significantly boosts the crystallinity of the perovskite films, alleviates interface stress, inhibits Sn2+ oxidation, and mitigates interfacial defects. Consequently, The blade‐coated AC‐incorporated mixed Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells achieve a high photovoltaic conversion efficiency of nearly 21%. Furthermore, extending this strategy to two‐terminal all‐perovskite tandem solar cells yielded a remarkable maximum efficiency of 27.20%. This work presents an effective strategy for producing efficient blade‐coated mixed Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells, heralding a pathway toward scalable fabrication of all‐perovskite tandem solar cells.