Hybrid two-dimensional (2D) halide perovskites have emerged
as
an important class of high-performance semiconductors because of their
excellent physical properties and structural diversity. Here, we report
a new family of hybrid 2D Ge-based perovskites that have the Dion–Jacobson
structure type, with the general formula A(MA)
n–1Ge
n
X3n+1, where A = 2-(aminomethyl)pyridinium (2AMPY), 3-(aminomethyl)pyridinium
(3AMPY), 4-(aminomethyl)pyridinium (4AMPY), or 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium
(4AMP), X = Br or I, and n = 1 or 2. Single-crystal
X-ray diffraction shows that most of the bromide structures are centrosymmetric,
whereas the iodide analogues are all non-centrosymmetric. The optical
band gaps are effectively regulated by the level of octahedral distortion
of the corresponding [GeX6], where a larger distortion
corresponds to a larger band gap. These compounds exhibit relatively
weak photoluminescence, which can be observed at low temperatures.
All of the Ge-based iodide perovskites exhibit good second-harmonic
generation (SHG) responses, with the highest reaching 0.53 ×
AgGaS2 for (4AMPY)GeI4, where their particle-dependent
SHG has been investigated. First-principles calculations of the SHG
properties are in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore,
layer transformation can be achieved from the (100)- to (110)-oriented
configuration by mixing the halides, which is a rare example. These
results showcase the versatility and diversity of employing an asymmetric
dication and the Ge2+ metal to achieve SHG active non-centrosymmetric
materials, providing new strategies for the design of lead-free alternatives
with interesting photophysical properties.