“…While conventionally measured NPS are associated with incident dementia, MBI leverages neurodegenerative disease associations with later-life emergent and persistent NPS to identify a group at much higher risk (Bateman et al, 2020;Creese et al, 2023;Creese et al, 2019;Ebrahim et al, 2023;Gill et al, 2020;Gill, Sascha et al, 2021;Ismail et al, 2023a;Ismail et al, 2021;Kan et al, 2022;Matsuoka et al, 2019;McGirr, A. et al, 2022;Rouse et al, 2023;Vellone et al, 2022;Yoon et al, 2022). Several recent papers have demonstrated this point when MBI was compared to psychiatric disorders or NPS not meeting MBI criteria, with the MBI group having faster cognitive decline and progressing more rapidly to dementia (Ebrahim et al, 2023;Ghahremani, Maryam et al, 2023;Ismail et al, 2023a;Ismail et al, 2023b;Matsuoka et al, 2019;Taragano et al, 2018;Vellone et al, 2022), and even lower reversion rates from MCI to NC (McGirr, Alexander et al, 2022). For some, MBI is a proxy marker of underlying neurodegenerative disease pathology, associated with AD risk genes, amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (Andrews et al, 2018;Creese et al, 2021;Ghahremani, Maryam et al, 2023;Gill, S. et al, 2021;Ismail et al, 2023b;Johansson et al, 2021;Lussier et al, 2020;Matsuoka et al, 2023;Matsuoka et al, 2021;Matuskova et al, 2021;Miao et al, 2021a;Naude et al, 2020).…”