“…In fact, oil refineries are already at a very high level of digitization, and since decades most processes have been fully controlled and optimized by automatic systems (PID controls, linear multivariate optimizers [ 51 ], specific deterministic optimization models for Crude Distillation Units (CDU) [ 52 ], Diesel production [ 53 ], Hydrogen network [ 54 , 55 , 56 ], etc.) both for efficiency and safety reasons.…”