Optimizing Diurnal Patterns of Nutrient Intake and Rumen Fermentation Based on Milking Management

Nikkhah, Akbar

doi:10.4172/2329-888x.1000e122

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…A major reason that makes SARA a difficult challenge to overcome is its dependence on a multitude of animal and non-animal management factors [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This article highlights management inconsistencies as a determining factor for prolonged SARA incidence.…”

Section: Problem Analysis: Prevention and Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although controversy exists on true pragmatic definition of SARA, prolonged acidotic rumen conditions (pH<5.6) especially for certain periods after feed delivery reduces microbial efficiency and mass yield, and as a result, decreases production longevity and feed efficiency. Moreover, dairy cow economical life drops as a consequence of many metabolic cascades among which are weakened immunity and impaired crucial proteins synthesis towards microbial and host maintenance.A major reason that makes SARA a difficult challenge to overcome is its dependence on a multitude of animal and non-animal management factors [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This article highlights management inconsistencies as a determining factor for prolonged SARA incidence.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Management Consistencies to Minimize Sub acute Rumen Acidosis: A Herd Probiotic

Nikkhah¹

2015

J Prob Health

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This article elaborates on a practical viewpoint into minimizing sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA) through management consistency in high-producing ruminants of notable dairy cows. This is a herd probiotic. The modern management and veterinary sciences encounter serious challenges in optimizing rumen fermentation. The problem often starts from very simple errors in routine farm management practices. Mismanaged feed preparation and presentation, suboptimal feeding timing and frequency, mismatched feeding and milking, short-term outsized changes in diet properties and several other significant factors indicated in this article make SARA occur easily and frequently. Keywords: Management; Rumen; Subacute acidosis; Metabolic disorder Problem Analysis: Prevention and MitigationSub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA) is a frequently occurring metabolic disorder in modern dairy farms. This common metabolic problem is of high economic and health significance since it is not clinical and is thus uneasy to diagnose and treat [1][2][3]. As such, prevention must be a gold goal in eradicating such a major complication. By definition and arguably, SARA occurs when rumen pH drops below 5.6-5.8 for more than 3-6 h daily. Although controversy exists on true pragmatic definition of SARA, prolonged acidotic rumen conditions (pH<5.6) especially for certain periods after feed delivery reduces microbial efficiency and mass yield, and as a result, decreases production longevity and feed efficiency. Moreover, dairy cow economical life drops as a consequence of many metabolic cascades among which are weakened immunity and impaired crucial proteins synthesis towards microbial and host maintenance.A major reason that makes SARA a difficult challenge to overcome is its dependence on a multitude of animal and non-animal management factors [4][5][6][7][8][9]. This article highlights management inconsistencies as a determining factor for prolonged SARA incidence. As such, minimizing management inconsistencies is considered a herd probiotic in postmodern farming. Inconsistent 1) inclusion of dietary ingredients, 2) feed processing and mixing, 3) mixed feed preparation, 4) particle size distribution, 5) final ration moisture content and texture quality, 6) ration freshness at delivery, 7) feed delivery frequency, 8) top dress feeding sequence, 9) milking and feeding sequence, 10) cow grouping strategies, 11) dry cow management and feeding, 12) heifer raising programs, 13) bunk management, and 14) wet and ensiled forages moisture and quality are among managerial factors contributing to SARA incidence in commercial dairy herds [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. All of these managerial factors must be carefully taken into account when predicting SARA incidence and thus when planning to minimize its occurrence.

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Section: Problem Analysis: Prevention and Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Management Consistencies to Minimize Sub acute Rumen Acidosis: A Herd Probiotic

Nikkhah¹

2015

J Prob Health

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“…These discoveries would question the conventional belief that higher fluctuations in rumen conditions are rather harmful to healthy rumen physiology and ruminant production [13,14]. Instead, it appears that rumen can develop tolerance against those conditions that are considered risky under practical scenarios [15][16][17][18]. Rumen, thus, possesses specialized circadian rhythm in its microbial properties that must be matched optimally with nutritional characteristics of feeds and patterns of environmental cues.…”

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Exploring Rumen Microbial Circadian Biology to Improve Food Safety and Security

Nikkhah¹

2015

J Adv Dairy Res

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SummaryThis perspective article introduces an innovative roadmap for research and farm application based on optimizing rumen microbial circadian biology to help minimize metabolic disorders and foodproducing ruminant health and efficiency. Suitable feedstuffs must be fed at optimal times of the circadian phase in optimal relation to milking and housing management. Certain microbial populations may be negatively sensitive to given combinations of sugars, starches, proteins and fats. Discovering optimal harmonies amongst circadian rhythms of ruminant, rumen, and their environmental management is key towards improving food safety and security for humans in the new era.Keywords: Microbial ecology; Rumen; Physiology; Circadian rhythm Philosophy for PracticeRuminants have evolved to graze mostly during day, especially at the beginning and end of the light phase. As such, they have evolved to ruminate predominantly overnight when little grazing/easting occurs [1][2][3][4][5]. Rumination stimulates chewing and insalivation to effectively neutralize rumen acids and help maintain stable and healthy rumen conditions [2][3][4]. It thus seems that ruminants experience more stable or more tolerant rumen environment during evening and night times [2,3,5]. Should that be the case, rumen microbial populations must have circadian properties in fermenting ruminated ingesta. In so doing, rumen should possess differential capacities for bioprocessing of different substrates. In modern ruminant farming with no grazing, however, such natural patterns of rumen ecology are in ways interrupted or altered [6][7][8][9][10]. For instance, feed delivery could well be exercised during evening and night hours. Milking does essentially occur overnight and early morning. Thus, it is critical to discover optimal combinations of feeding, milking, housing and health management [11][12][13][14][15][16].Recent findings suggest that nocturnal vs. morning feeding can improve feed intake and milk fat and energy production in dairy cows [5,6,7,[10][11][12]. Data, also, suggest that rumen encounters more periprandial fluctuations in feed intake and rumen conditions rhythms when ruminants are fed at night vs. morning [10][11][12]. These discoveries would question the conventional belief that higher fluctuations in rumen conditions are rather harmful to healthy rumen physiology and ruminant production [13,14]. Instead, it appears that rumen can develop tolerance against those conditions that are considered risky under practical scenarios [15][16][17][18]. Rumen, thus, possesses specialized circadian rhythm in its microbial properties that must be matched optimally with nutritional characteristics of feeds and patterns of environmental cues.It is time to formulate strategies that optimize rumen microbiology based on circadian rhythms of rumen fermentation and microbial metabolism [19]. Advanced rumen microbiology must take initiatives to embrace circadian microbial properties towards more specialized feeding management and reduced risks of subacute rumen aci...

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Optimizing Diurnal Patterns of Nutrient Intake and Rumen Fermentation Based on Milking Management

Cited by 2 publications

References 13 publications

Management Consistencies to Minimize Sub acute Rumen Acidosis: A Herd Probiotic

Management Consistencies to Minimize Sub acute Rumen Acidosis: A Herd Probiotic

Exploring Rumen Microbial Circadian Biology to Improve Food Safety and Security

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