Optimizing Extensibility of CAN FD for Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Xie, Yong; Zeng, Gang; Kurachi, Ryo; Xiao, Fu; Takada, Hiroaki

doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3059769

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…o k,j is set according to the real implementation given in [35], where o k,j =103 µs. We assume that the arbitration phase bit-rate and data phase bit-rate of CAN FD are 500 kbps and 2 Mbps [30,31], respectively. The experiments are conducted on an OS X(v10.13.1) machine running on 2.3 GHz the 7th generation Intel i5 core with 8 GB main memory.…”

Section: Experiments Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Q k,i is a binary variable, if Q k,i =1, it indicates that T k,i is a security-critical task; otherwise, T k,i is a non-security-critical task. We assume that deadline equals to period for each task, and priorities are assigned to tasks based on their periods, these assumptions are common in ACPS [29][30][31]. P k,i , C k,i , D k,i , and Q k,i are given, and R k,i is calculated as follows:…”

Section: Task Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The message set of all ECUs is denoted by M, where M = ∀k M k , and MN indicates the total number of messages in M. m k,j is indicated with a 5-tuple: m k,j = {p k,j , c k,j , r k,j , d k,j , q k,i }, which indicate the period (in µs), worst-case transmission time (WCTT, in µs), WCRT (in µs), deadline(in µs) and security level of m k,j , respectively. p k,j and c k,j are given, q k,j equals to that of its sending task, and d k,j equals to p k,j [29][30][31]. As the authors of [32] verified that the rate monotonic priority order is close to the optimal priority order for CAN, thus we assume that the rate monotonic priorities are assigned to CAN FD messages.…”

Section: Message Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Security-Related Hardware Cost Optimization for CAN FD-Based Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Xie

Guo

Yang

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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The introduction of various networks into automotive cyber-physical systems (ACPS) brings great challenges on security protection of ACPS functions, the auto industry recommends to adopt the hardware security module (HSM)-based multicore ECU to secure in-vehicle networks while meeting the delay constraint. However, this approach incurs significant hardware cost. Consequently, this paper aims to reduce security enhancing-related hardware cost by proposing two efficient design space exploration (DSE) algorithms, namely, stepwise decreasing-based heuristic algorithm (SDH) and interference balancing-based heuristic algorithm (IBH), which explore the task assignment, task scheduling, and message scheduling to minimize the number of required HSMs. Experiments on both synthetical and real data sets show that the proposed SDH and IBH are superior than state-of-the-art algorithm, and the advantage of SDH and IBH becomes more obvious as the increase about the percentage of security-critical tasks. For synthetic data sets, the hardware cost can be reduced by 61.4% and 45.6% averagely for IBH and SDH, respectively; for real data sets, the hardware cost can be reduced by 64.3% and 54.4% on average for IBH and SDH, respectively. Furthermore, IBH is better than SDH in most cases, and the runtime of IBH is two or three orders of magnitude smaller than SDH and state-of-the-art algorithm.

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Section: Experiments Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Task Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Message Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Security-Related Hardware Cost Optimization for CAN FD-Based Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Xie

Guo

Yang

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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“…For instance, when implementing communication networks in automotive systems, hardware-reconfigurable ECUs improve compatibility and performance. In automotive communication, the controller area network (CAN) protocol is widely adopted due to its high reliability [18,19]. However, as the number of ECUs increase, limited bandwidth makes it difficult to implement real-time communication [2,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In automotive communication, the controller area network (CAN) protocol is widely adopted due to its high reliability [18,19]. However, as the number of ECUs increase, limited bandwidth makes it difficult to implement real-time communication [2,18]. In order to address the issue, a CAN with flexible data rate (CAN FD) protocol supports wider bandwidths while maintaining the characteristics of a CAN protocol such as arbitration, stuffing, and acknowledge frame [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An FPGA-Based ECU for Remote Reconfiguration in Automotive Systems

et al. 2021

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Growing interest in intelligent vehicles is leading automotive systems to include numerous electronic control units (ECUs) inside. As a result, efficient implementation and management of automotive systems is gaining importance. Flexible updating and reconfiguration of ECUs is one appropriate strategy for these goals. Software updates to the ECUs are expected to improve performance and bug handling, but there are limitations due to the fixed hardware circuit. By applying hardware-reconfigurable ECUs to the automotive system, patches that are not able to be handled with only software updates are enabled. In this paper, a remotely hardware-reconfigurable ECU for automotive systems is proposed. The proposed ECU is implemented with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and microcontroller unit (MCU) to support in-system reconfiguration (ISR). The communication interface between the FPGA and MCU employs Zipwire communication for high speed and resilient communication. For the Zipwire communication, a Zipwire controller is designed and implemented in the FPGA. The proposed hardware-reconfigurable ECU was successfully implemented, and feasibility was demonstrated.

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Balancing Bandwidth Utilization and Energy Consumption for Security-Related CAN FD-Based Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Guo

Xie

2023

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

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Optimizing Extensibility of CAN FD for Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Security-Related Hardware Cost Optimization for CAN FD-Based Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

Security-Related Hardware Cost Optimization for CAN FD-Based Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

An FPGA-Based ECU for Remote Reconfiguration in Automotive Systems

Balancing Bandwidth Utilization and Energy Consumption for Security-Related CAN FD-Based Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

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