“…The critical factor in TIS is the immersion time since it governs nutrient uptake and expression of hyperhydricity. Hence, the optimization of shoot proliferation and reducing hyperhydricity, it is essential to find the balance between immersion frequencies and immersion duration (Steingroewer et al, 2013;Georgiev et al, 2014;Regueira et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018). C -schematic diagram of a temporary immersion RITA ® system, 1-three-way solenoid valve, 2 -culture chamber, 3 -medium compartment Bioreactor propagation become increasingly preferred due to additional advantages as precise control of temperature, light, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, improved mass transfer of nutrients and waste metabolites, reduced risk of contamination, providing an easier for the handle and scalable technology (Takayama and Akita, 1994;Mamun et al, 2015).…”