Optimizing Mechanical Properties of Recycled 3D-Printed PLA Parts for Sustainable Packaging Solutions Using Experimental Analysis and Machine Learning

Abstract

Increasing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable materials have driven a focus towards the utilization of recycled polylactic acid (PLA) in additive manufacturing as PLA offers advantages over other thermoplastics, including biodegradability, ease of processing, and a lower environmental impact during production. This study explores the optimization of the mechanical properties of recycled PLA parts through a combination of experimental and machine learning approaches. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of various processing parameters, such as layer thickness and infill density, as well as annealing conditions, on the mechanical properties of recycled PLA parts. Machine learning algorithms have proven the possibility to predict tensile behavior with an average error of 6.059%. The results demonstrate that specific combinations of processing parameters and post-treatment annealing differently improve the mechanical properties (with 7.31% in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 0.28% in Young’s modulus, and 3.68% in elongation) and crystallinity (with 22.33%) of recycled PLA according to XRD analysis, making it a viable alternative to virgin PLA in various applications such as sustainable packaging solutions, including biodegradable containers, clamshell packaging, and protective inserts. The optimized recycled PLA parts exhibited mechanical properties and crystallinity levels comparable to those of their virgin counterparts, highlighting their potential for reducing environmental impact and saving costs. For both as-built and annealed samples, the optimal settings for achieving high composite desirability involved a 0.2 mm layer thickness, with 75% infill for the as-built samples and 100% infill for the annealed samples. This study provides a comprehensive framework for optimizing recycled PLA in additive manufacturing, contributing to the advancement of sustainable material engineering and the circular economy.