Optimizing non‐Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers

McCaffrey, J. P.; Mainegra-Hing, Ernesto; Shen, Haiou

doi:10.1118/1.3260839

Cited by 92 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…MC calculations for the attenuating capabilities of a Ba + Bi bilayer combination were performed in an earlier study. 20 While no manufactured materials containing these metals were available for measurements at that time, the MC calculations showed that this bilayer combination should perform significantly better and more consistently than the other combinations modeled and measured. Since the earlier studies, several manufacturers have produced experimental material containing compounds incorporating these metals.…”

Section: Iiib Non-pb Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians

2012

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New non-Pb compound materials, particularly single layers or bilayers incorporating Bi(2)O(3), can reduce the weight of radiation protection materials while providing equivalent or better protection compared to Pb-based materials. Attenuation measurements in geometries that exclude the contribution from fluorescence substantially underestimate the quantity of transmitted radiation. A new Bi(2)O(3)-loaded hand cream demonstrated a novel and effective approach for hand protection. Standard testing protocols for radiation protection materials used by IR physicians specify a wider kVp range than is necessary. A more realistic range would acknowledge the lower kVp resulting from scatter and allow IR physicians to confidently utilize lighter-weight materials while still receiving adequate protection. Standards protocols incorporating the adjustments described in this work would maintain the safety of IR personnel and lessen the physical repercussions of long hours wearing unnecessarily heavy radiation protection garments.

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Section: Iiib Non-pb Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians

2012

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“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Most investigators have declined to measure the transmission of scattered radiation owing to concerns about x-ray tube loading and difficulties associated with measuring scattered radiation. One study did examine the performance of lead-composite aprons using scattered radiation from a 110 kVp fluoroscopy beam, 16 finding lead-composite garments to provide protection comparable to lead garments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the (f)utility of measuring the lead equivalence of protective garments

Jones

Wagner²

2013

Medical Physics

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Purpose: Protective garments incorporating lead (Pb) or other moderate to high atomic number elements are a necessary radiation protection tool. However, as lead has been replaced by other elements, verifying manufacturers' claims regarding the lead equivalence of such garments has become nearly impossible, and current standards only require measurement of attenuation or lead equivalence at a single beam quality. A garment may provide a high degree of protection at the specified beam quality, but underperform at others. The authors sought to measure the lead equivalence of several protective garments and propose a better method for quantifying the protective value of garments. Methods: The authors measured the penetration of primary and scattered radiation through lead sheets and three protective garments of nominal 0.5 mm Pb equivalence, one lead and two lead-free. Penetration was measured using beams of nominal 60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp. Primary penetration through protective garments at 70 kVp was also measured. A lead-lined enclosure was constructed for measuring scatter penetration, as instruments must be protected from stray radiation when measuring low-level penetration of scattered radiation. Using polynomial least-squares fits to the measured data of penetration through lead sheets, the authors determined the lead equivalence of the protective garments across a range of beam qualities. Results: The lead garment was 0.5 mm Pb equivalent across all beam qualities evaluated. While the maximum lead equivalence of the lead-free garments did occur at the manufacturer-specified beam quality, neither garment was 0.5 mm Pb equivalent at the specified beam quality. The lead equivalence of the lead-free garments was a strong function of beam quality and nature of the radiation, i.e., primary or scattered. The lead equivalence of the lead-free garments in primary beams ranged from 0.40 to 0.47 mm Pb equivalent and in scattered beams ranged from 0.37 to 0.46 mm Pb equivalent. The penetration through one lead-free garment at 60 kVp was 478% higher than the penetration through the lead garment. The authors have also provided linear fits of radiation penetration through lead as a function of half-value layer. It is likely that assessment of protective value can be performed using primary beams matched to the spectra of scattered beams. The authors propose the diagnostic radiation index of protection (DRIP), a weighted sum of the percentage of radiation penetration across a range of beam qualities, as a more robust method for specifying the protective value of garments. Conclusions: The protective value of garments from both primary and scattered radiation is a strong function of beam quality. Assessment of the protective value should be performed across a range of beam qualities. Methods for performing such assessment must be developed and must specify beam qualities, measurement geometry, and the appropriate weighting across the beam quality range for different applications.

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“…They can contain non-toxic fillers that provide effective radiation-shielding 102,103 . The plastics reinforced with carbon/graphite fiberare widely used as structural materials, due to their high hardness-weight ratio and superb mechanical and thermal properties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Approaches to Polymer Materials Protecting from Ionizing Radiation

Wozniak¹,

Ivanov²,

Zhdanovich³

et al. 2017

Orient. J. Chem

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This review describes main types of organic polymers, which are now widely used and are the most resistant to ionizing radiation. It presents modern approaches to creation of radiationshielding composite materials based on polymer matrix and various types of fillers. It also discusses the efficiency of sizes of fillers' micro-and nanoparticles in terms of improving radiation resistance of organic polymer materials.

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Optimizing non‐Pb radiation shielding materials using bilayers

Abstract: Depending on the x-ray quality, appropriate choices of two complementary metal-embedded elastomer layers can decrease the weight of radiation shielding garments by up to 25% compared to Pb-based elastomer garments while providing equivalent attenuation.

Cited by 92 publications

References 22 publications

Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians

Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians

On the (f)utility of measuring the lead equivalence of protective garments

Modern Approaches to Polymer Materials Protecting from Ionizing Radiation

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