Optimizing the production of biodiesel from palm olein (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using a strong basic anionic resin as a heterogeneous catalyst

Ferreira, Ramon Sousa Barros; Bejarano-Alva, Isabel J.; Shimamoto, Gustavo G.; Tubino, Matthieu; Meirelles, Antônio José de Almeida; Batista, Eduardo Augusto Caldas

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114121

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The ethanol concentration was also much higher than that used in the homogeneous catalysis. The high amount of ethanol that was required in the present study is in agreement with that reported in the literature for heterogeneous transesterification using an anion exchange resin; 4,11,21 both homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterifications stoichiometrically require 3 mol of alcohol for 1 mol of triacylglycerol, but, in practice, heterogeneous transesterification always uses a higher proportion. 31 In heterogeneous transesterification using a catalyst with a porous structure, the mass transfer resistance affects the external (between the reaction mixture and bulk solid phase) and internal (within the resin pores) movements of the chemical species.…”

Section: Kinetic Model Application: Comparison Between the Two Approa...supporting

confidence: 90%

“…Glycerol concentration was obtained using stoichiometric calculations, as detailed in the Supporting Information (eqs S1–S3). This procedure has also been used in previous studies on biodiesel production. , Note that for calculating the glycerol concentration, the entire liquid phase should be considered, including the part contained within the resin porous structure and the part surrounding the resin beads.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic Study of Ultrasound-Intensified Biodiesel Production Using Anion Exchange Resin as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Bejarano-Alva,

Biasi,

Batista

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The mathematical models used to represent the kinetics of heterogeneous reactions are usually complex and require the adjustment of a significant number of variables. The present study aimed to apply a simpler kinetic model with fewer adjusted parameters for the heterogeneous reaction during ultrasoundassisted biodiesel production using anion exchange resin as a catalyst. Through bench tests and computational tools, which molecules would enter the resin pores during the reaction and their effects on the kinetic data were investigated. With this information, two possible approaches were proposed. The results show the second approach as physically more accurate, considering the samples taken from both inside and outside the resin. It also allows for better fitting of the kinetic model and obtaining correlation coefficients (R 2 ) greater than 99%. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for building more accurate and simpler models for biodiesel production processes with various catalysts and reagents.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Kinetic Model Application: Comparison Between the Two Approa...supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic Study of Ultrasound-Intensified Biodiesel Production Using Anion Exchange Resin as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Bejarano-Alva,

Biasi,

Batista

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…An extensive study has investigated the potential and limitations of biodiesel synthesis by employing ion-exchange resin. Biodiesel synthesis via anion-exchange resin has been reported to be successful for triglyceride transesterification, although the cation-exchange resin is preferable for acid oil [6][7][8][9]. Recent research highlights the use of various ionexchange resins in biodiesel synthesis, with the capacity, functional group, and physical structure of each resin influencing the reaction yield [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion Exchange Resin and Entrapped Candida rugosa Lipase for Biodiesel Synthesis in the Recirculating Packed-Bed Reactor: A Performance Comparison of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Hidayatullah,

Soetandar,

Sudiyasa

et al. 2023

Energies

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Ion exchange resins and immobilized lipase as heterogeneous catalysts are used to synthesize biodiesel for alternative fossil fuels. The use of ion exchange resins in the solid and activated phase can ease the separation process. Furthermore, resins can be reactivated and used repeatedly, reducing the need for catalysts. On the other hand, an immobilized enzyme is biodegradable and can catalyze the transesterification process to produce biodiesel with a lower alcohol-to-oil ratio, minimizing side reactions and impurities. Therefore, the catalysts used in this study are ion exchange resins, such as Lewatit MP-64, Amberlite IRA410Cl, and Diaion PK208LH, as well as immobilized Candida rugosa lipase. By using vegetable oil as a feedstock and methanol for the transesterification, biodiesel production was carried out in a packed bed reactor. The present study aims to investigate the optimum process parameters, including the concentration of resin and enzyme, resin activation time, resin types, flowrate, and stability of resin and enzyme on the biodiesel yield. The results showed that the optimum conditions for biodiesel production with ion exchange resin were 4 g of resin, activated for 3 h, and synthesized for 3 h; Lewatit obtained a biodiesel yield of 94.06%, Amberlite obtained 90.00%, and Diaion obtained 73.88%. Additionally, the stability test of the reactivated Lewatit resin showed that it still has the capability of producing biodiesel with a yield of more than 80% after three regeneration cycles. In contrast, Candida rugosa lipase as was immobilized by entrapment in sodium alginate before being used in the biodiesel production for 12 h. The results showed that lower flowrate in enzymatic biodiesel synthesis produced a higher amount of biodiesel, of up to 71.1%. Nonetheless, immobilized lipases can be used up to three times without a significant loss in biodiesel yield.

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“…In the case of resin Cl form used in transesterification, it is necessary to displace Clions with OHions by mixing with a base solution such as 1M NaOH or 5% NaOH. Subsequently, the resin is washed with DI water to remove the excess NaOH, and ethanol is then used to remove water [11,13,30]. The resin should be stored by soaking with alcohol to prevent the active site (OH -) of the resin reacting with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the air, which forms hydrogen carbonate (HCO 3 -) [29,30].…”

Section: Ion Exchange Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical synthesis of methoxide for transesterification of palm oil

Juntuma

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Sodium methoxide (NaOCH3) is commonly used as an alkaline homogeneous catalyst in transesterification to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and glycerol as a by-product. However, this conventional process requires a few steps to remove the homogeneous catalyst from the products by neutralization and washing, creating waste salts to be treated with additional cost. This study investigates the electrochemical synthesis of methoxide. Amberlite IRA402 anion exchange resin is used to adsorb the generated methoxide and subsequently as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification to observe its catalytic activity. In contrast to many other similar works, this synthesis was performed with anion-exchange resin as the only electrolyte in the cathode compartment where methoxide is synthesized electrochemically and stored in the resin without any other additives such as sodium chloride (NaCl) or water needed, eliminating the need for neutralization and washing. Platinized titanium fiber felt was used as electrodes. Methoxide ions can be generated with the presence of an anion-exchange membrane at a constant current density of 8.25 mA cm-2 for 4 h. The hydroxide equivalent of electrolyzed resin was 0.00039 mol cm-3, compared with that from ion exchange of 0.00029 mol cm-3. The results of the experiment suggest that hydroxide ions as base in the resin could better catalyze transesterification than methoxide ions; therefore, electrochemical regeneration did not restore its catalytic activity. The response surface methodology (RSM) from a central composite design (CCD) of experiments was conducted to analyze the effects of the catalyst loading, the methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and the reaction temperature. Statistical analysis suggested that only the catalyst loading, the reaction temperature, and the interaction between the catalyst loading and the reaction temperature affected the FAME yield significantly.

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Optimizing the production of biodiesel from palm olein (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using a strong basic anionic resin as a heterogeneous catalyst

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Kinetic Study of Ultrasound-Intensified Biodiesel Production Using Anion Exchange Resin as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Kinetic Study of Ultrasound-Intensified Biodiesel Production Using Anion Exchange Resin as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Ion Exchange Resin and Entrapped Candida rugosa Lipase for Biodiesel Synthesis in the Recirculating Packed-Bed Reactor: A Performance Comparison of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Electrochemical synthesis of methoxide for transesterification of palm oil

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