Optimizing weighted gene co-expression network analysis with a multi-threaded calculation of the topological overlap matrix

Shuai, Min; He, Dongjian; Chen, Xin

doi:10.1515/sagmb-2021-0025

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…First, we selected the top 5000 genes based on variance from the gene expression data for analysis, then performed hierarchical clustering analysis to detect and remove outlier samples. In order to construct a scale-free network, the optimal soft-thresholding power was identified and the adjacency matrix was transformed into a topological overlap matrix (TOM) ( Shuai, et al, 2021 ). Subsequently, the hierarchical cluster tree was cut into gene modules using the dynamic tree cut algorithm, with a minimum module size of 30 genes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of key signaling pathways and hub genes related to immune infiltration in Kawasaki disease with resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis

Wang

Cao

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis, that is, the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, with approximately 10%–20% of patients with KD suffering intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance. Although the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear, recent studies have revealed that immune cell infiltration may associate with its occurrence.Methods: In this study, we downloaded the expression profiles from the GSE48498 and GSE16797 datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus database, analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and intersected the DEGs with the immune-related genes downloaded from the ImmPort database to obtain differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIGs). Then CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate the immune cell compositions, followed by the WGCNA analysis to identify the module genes associated with immune cell infiltration. Next, we took the intersection of the selected module genes and DEIGs, then performed GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. Moreover, ROC curve validation, Spearman analysis with immune cells, TF, and miRNA regulation network, and potential drug prediction were implemented for the finally obtained hub genes.Results: The CIBERSORT algorithm showed that neutrophil expression was significantly higher in IVIG-resistant patients compared to IVIG-responsive patients. Next, we got differentially expressed neutrophil-related genes by intersecting DEIGs with neutrophil-related module genes obtained by WGCNA, for further analysis. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were associated with immune pathways, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Then we combined the PPI network in the STRING database with the MCODE plugin in Cytoscape and identified 6 hub genes (TLR8, AQP9, CXCR1, FPR2, HCK, and IL1R2), which had good diagnostic performance in IVIG resistance according to ROC analysis. Furthermore, Spearman’s correlation analysis confirmed that these genes were closely related to neutrophils. Finally, TFs, miRNAs, and potential drugs targeting the hub genes were predicted, and TF-, miRNA-, and drug-gene networks were constructed.Conclusion: This study found that the 6 hub genes (TLR8, AQP9, CXCR1, FPR2, HCK, and IL1R2) were significantly associated with neutrophil cell infiltration, which played an important role in IVIG resistance. In a word, this work rendered potential diagnostic biomarkers and prospective therapeutic targets for IVIG-resistant patients.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of key signaling pathways and hub genes related to immune infiltration in Kawasaki disease with resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis

Wang

Cao

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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“…These data were then converted into a topological matrix that described the degree of association between genes using a topological overlap metric. The genes were clustered using 1 − topological overlap metric as the distance, and a dynamic pruning tree was constructed to identify the modules ( 12 ). Finally, five modules were identified by setting the merge clipping threshold to 0.25.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune-related gene-based prognostic index for predicting survival and immunotherapy outcomes in colorectal carcinoma

Liang

Sun

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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IntroductionColorectal cancer shows high incidence and mortality rates. Immune checkpoint blockade can be used to treat colorectal carcinoma (CRC); however, it shows limited effectiveness in most patients.MethodsTo identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors, we constructed an immune-related gene prognostic index (IRGPI) for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with CRC. Transcriptome datasets and clinical information of patients with CRC were used to identify differential immune-related genes between tumor and para-carcinoma tissue. Using weighted correlation network analysis and Cox regression analysis, the IRGPI was constructed, and Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to evaluate its predictive ability. We also analyzed the molecular and immune characteristics between IRGPI high-and low-risk subgroups, performed sensitivity analysis of ICI treatment, and constructed overall survival-related receiver operating characteristic curves to validate the IRGPI. Finally, IRGPI genes and tumor immune cell infiltration in CRC model mice with orthotopic metastases were analyzed to verify the results.ResultsThe IRGPI was constructed based on the following 11 hub genes: ADIPOQ, CD36, CCL24, INHBE, UCN, IL1RL2, TRIM58, RBCK1, MC1R, PPARGC1A, and LGALS2. Patients with CRC in the high-risk subgroup showed longer overall survival than those in the low-risk subgroup, which was confirmed by GEO database. Clinicopathological features associated with cancer progression significantly differed between the high- and low-risk subgroups. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analysis of immune infiltration showed that the increased infiltration of naïve B cells, macrophages M1, and regulatory T cells and reduced infiltration of resting dendritic cells and mast cells led to a worse overall survival in patients with CRC. The ORC curves revealed that IRGPI predicted patient survival more sensitive than the published tumor immune dysfunction and rejection and tumor inflammatory signatureDiscussionThus, the low-risk subgroup is more likely to benefit from ICIs than the high-risk subgroup. CRC model mice showed higher proportions of Tregs, M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages and lower proportions of B cells, memory B cell immune cell infiltration, which is consistent with the IRGPI results. The IRGPI can predict the prognosis of patients with CRC, reflect the CRC immune microenvironment, and distinguish patients who are likely to benefit from ICI therapy.

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“…WGCNA was used to look at the modules of highly correlated genes in different samples so that relationships between modules and sample characteristics could be found. Following that, we generated an adjacency matrix and converted it to TOM ( Shuai et al, 2021 ). To aid in the identification of functional modules within a co-expression network, module-trait connections between modules were generated using previously published data ( Li et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upregulated ENC1 predicts unfavorable prognosis and correlates with immune infiltration in endometrial cancer

He²,

Luo

et al. 2022

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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A better knowledge of the molecular process behind uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is important for prognosis prediction and the development of innovative targeted gene therapies. The purpose of this research is to discover critical genes associated with UCEC. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of TCGA-UCEC and GSE17025, respectively, using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and differential gene expression analysis. From four sets of findings, a total of 95 overlapping genes were retrieved. On the 95 overlapping genes, KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis were conducted. Then, we mapped the PPI network of 95 overlapping genes using the STRING database. Twenty hub genes were evaluated using the Cytohubba plugin, including NR3C1, ATF3, KLF15, THRA, NR4A1, FOSB, PER3, HLF, NTRK3, EGR3, MAPK13, ARNTL2, PKM2, SCD, EIF5A, ADHFE1, RERGL, TUB, and ENC1. The expression levels of NR3C1, PKM2, and ENC1 were shown to be adversely linked with the survival time of UCEC patients using univariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival calculation. ENC1 were also overexpressed in UCEC tumor tissues or cell lines, as shown by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Then we looked into it further and discovered that ENC1 expression was linked to tumor microenvironment and predicted various immunological checkpoints. In conclusion, our data indicate that ENC1 may be required for the development of UCEC and may serve as a future biomarker for diagnosis and therapy.

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Optimizing weighted gene co-expression network analysis with a multi-threaded calculation of the topological overlap matrix

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Identification of key signaling pathways and hub genes related to immune infiltration in Kawasaki disease with resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis

Identification of key signaling pathways and hub genes related to immune infiltration in Kawasaki disease with resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis

Immune-related gene-based prognostic index for predicting survival and immunotherapy outcomes in colorectal carcinoma

Upregulated ENC1 predicts unfavorable prognosis and correlates with immune infiltration in endometrial cancer

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