Optimum Design of Quenching Capacitor Integrated Silicon Photomultipliers for TOF-PET Application

Cho, Gyuseong; Kim, Hyoungtaek; Sul, Woo-Suk; Lee, Chaehun; Kang, Bo Sun

doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2012.05.327

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is important to note that in some SiPMs the quenching capacitance is just a stray unwelcome parasitic component, whereas in others it is increased on purpose, in order to improve the SiPM timing performance, i.e. the fast peaked response [21]. Eventually, the distributed grid capacitance is due to the metal grid for the (parallel microcells) interconnects.…”

Section: Sipm Microcell Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPICE Electrical Models and Simulations of Silicon Photomultipliers

Villa

Zou

Mora

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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We present and discuss a comprehensive electrical\ud model for Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) based on a microcell\ud able to accurately simulate the avalanche current build-up and\ud the self-quenching of its Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD)\ud “pixel” with series-connected quenching resistor. The entire SiPM\ud is modeled either as an array of microcells, each one individually\ud triggered by independent incoming photons, or as two macrocells,\ud one with microcells all firing concurrently while the other one with\ud all quiescent microcells; the most suitable approach depends on\ud the light excitation conditions and on the dimension (i.e. number\ud of microcells) of the overall SiPM. We validated both models by\ud studying the behavior of SiPMs in different operating conditions,\ud in order to study the effect of photons pile-up, the deterministic\ud and statistical mismatches between microcells, the impact of\ud the number of firing microcells vs. the total one, and the role of\ud different microcell parameters on the overall SiPM performance.\ud The electrical models were developed in SPICE and can simulate\ud both custom-process and CMOS-compatible SiPMs, with either\ud vertical or horizontal current-flow. The proposed simulation tools\ud can benefit both SiPM users, e.g. for designing the best readout\ud electronics, and SiPM designers, for assessing the impact of each\ud parameter on the overall detection performance and electrical\ud behavior

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Section: Sipm Microcell Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPICE Electrical Models and Simulations of Silicon Photomultipliers

Villa

Zou

Mora

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…Therefore, as the size of microcells increases the PDE increases but the dynamic range decreases. The optimum size of the microcells was determined to be 65 × 65 µm 2 [4].…”

Section: Jinst 10 C04002mentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon photomultiplier modules for MRI-compatible PET

2015

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Silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) modules were developed for use in positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI), which is a hybrid medical imaging technology. A PET-MRI is very efficient in the early diagnosis of representative senile diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. SiPMs comprise the core image sensor for MR-compatible PET applications since they have a low operational voltage, high gain, good timing resolution, ruggedness, insensitivity to magnetic fields, compactness, and low cost. In PET systems, SiPM microcells can be optimized by making a trade-off between photon detection efficiency (PDE) and dynamic range. The SiPM modules used in this study were fabricated at the National NanoFab Center (NNFC) of South Korea by using a customized CMOS processes. The SiPM modules were evaluated by first packaging them with a cost-effective PCB package instead of with a conventional ceramic package. Measurements on 1,400 SiPMs indicated a uniform breakdown voltage of 20.54 V with a standard deviation of 0.07 V. Moreover, the SiPM modules present a high and uniform energy resolution of 13.6% with a standard deviation of 0.5% at 511 keV with 3×3×20 mm 3 cerium-doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (Lu 2(1−x) Y 2x SiO 5 :Ce, LYSO) crystal coupling. These results indicated that the proposed devices offer adequate performance to form the foundation of an image sensor technology for MRI-compatible PET.

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“…[4][5][6][7] We also have designed and fabricated test versions of SiPMs at National NanoFab Center (NNFC) in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). 8,9 Compared to the commercial sensors which are for common uses, our sensor was designed for PET applications especially in terms of the size of micro-cells that will be dealt with in Sec. II.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of silicon photomultipliers at National Nano-Fab Center for PET-MR

Kim

Sul

Cho

2014

Review of Scientific Instruments

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The silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) were fabricated for magnetic resonance compatible positron emission tomography (PET) applications using customized CMOS processes at National NanoFab Center. Each micro-cell consists of a shallow n+/p well junction on a p-type epitaxial wafer and passive quenching circuit was applied. The size of the SiPM is 3 × 3 mm(2) and the pitch of each micro-cell is 65 μm. In this work, several thousands of SiPMs were packaged and tested to build a PET ring detector which has a 60 mm axial and 390 mm radial field of view. I-V characteristics of the SiPMs are shown good uniformity and breakdown voltage is around 20 V. The photon detection efficiency was measured via photon counting method and the maximum value was recorded as 16% at 470 nm. The gamma ray spectrum of a Ge-68 isotope showed nearly 10% energy resolution at 511 keV with a 3 × 3 × 20 mm(3) LYSO crystal.

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Optimum Design of Quenching Capacitor Integrated Silicon Photomultipliers for TOF-PET Application

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

SPICE Electrical Models and Simulations of Silicon Photomultipliers

SPICE Electrical Models and Simulations of Silicon Photomultipliers

Silicon photomultiplier modules for MRI-compatible PET

Characterization of silicon photomultipliers at National Nano-Fab Center for PET-MR

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