“…Furthermore, SI may be developed by the collective behaviour of artificial agents like robots in foraging robots [10]; (iii) Human and animal behaviour-based algorithms: they are inspired by some specific behaviour of individuals in society or animals in nature, such as Search Algorithm (CapSA) [11], Golden Tortoise Beetle Optimizer (GTBO) [12], Battle Royale Optimization (BRO) [13], passing vehicle search (PVS) [14], Dynamic Virtual Bats Algorithm (DVBA) [15], crow search algorithm (CSA) [16], and Tribe-Charged System Search (T-CSS) [17]. Finally, (iv) Physics-based algorithms: they are inspired by physics laws like Quantum mechanics, Universe theory, Newton's gravitational law, Electromagnetism, and Electrostatics, such as Material Generation Algorithm (MGA) [18,19], cyber-physical systems (CPS) [20], Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) [21], Lichtenberg Algorithm (LA) [22], Thermal Exchange Optimization algorithm (TEOA) [23], Charged System Search (CSS) [24,25], and Atomic Orbital Search (AOS) [26,27].…”