Optimum development options and strategies for water injection development of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East

Song, Xiaomin; Li, Yong

doi:10.1016/s1876-3804(18)30075-2

Cited by 64 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Combined with the field production results, it was found that changing injection and production parameters and increasing the number of flow channels between injection wells and production wells had little effect on displacement efficiency, while measures such as changing the flow direction of injection wells into production wells achieved better results. Song and Li (2018) determined the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs by studying several carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East and proposed three main water injection development methods applicable to different carbonate reservoirs. Taking the Mishrif Formation of the Hafaya oilfield as an example, a set of regional well pattern high-efficiency water injection development plans and strategies was proposed, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Glass Water Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs

et al. 2020

Pet. Sci.

177

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Carbonate reservoirs worldwide are complex in structure, diverse in form, and highly heterogeneous. Based on these characteristics, the reservoir stimulation technologies and fluid flow characteristics of carbonate reservoirs are briefly described in this study. The development methods and EOR technologies of carbonate reservoirs are systematically summarized, the relevant mechanisms are analyzed, and the application status of oil fields is catalogued. The challenges in the development of carbonate reservoirs are discussed, and future research directions are explored. In the current development processes of carbonate reservoirs, water flooding and gas flooding remain the primary means but are often prone to channeling problems. Chemical flooding is an effective method of tertiary oil recovery, but the harsh formation conditions require high-performance chemical agents. The application of emerging technologies can enhance the oil recovery efficiency and environmental friendliness to a certain extent, which is welcome in hard-to-recover areas such as heavy oil reservoirs, but the economic cost is often high. In future research on EOR technologies, flow field control and flow channel plugging will be the potential directions of traditional development methods, and the application of nanoparticles will revolutionize the chemical EOR methods. On the basis of diversified reservoir stimulation, combined with a variety of modern data processing schemes, multichannel EOR technologies are being developed to realize the systematic, intelligent, and cost-effective development of carbonate reservoirs.

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Section: Glass Water Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs

et al. 2020

Pet. Sci.

177

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“…Carbonate reservoirs are mainly composed of primary matrix pores and secondary fractures, pores, and caves including pore, karst cave, fracture, and pore types, as well as fracture-karst cave, pore-fracture, and fracture-pore types. Many scholars have studied the waterflooding development methods of carbonate rocks, including pressure retaining exploitation, steam huff and puff, combined top gas and edge water injection, bottom injection, and top production (buoyancy support), and well patterns with some strong areas and weak surfaces (Xue et al, 2016;Cui, 2018;Song and Li, 2018;Yuan et al, 2021). However, research is lacking on the microscopic mechanisms, which can guide understanding of the impact of pore structure changes on water flooding development to help inform the further development of residual oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMSOL-based investigation of the characteristics of microscopic water flooding and residual oil distribution in carbonate reservoirs

Jia

Guo²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Front. Earth Sci.

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Carbonate reservoirs are rich in oil and gas reserves; thus, they have great exploitation potential. Therefore research on the microscopic mechanisms of carbonate reservoirs is of great significance. Based on the thin section images of core castings of typical Well 555 and its pore and fracture features in actual reservoirs, this study designed three kinds of images representing the pore and throat structure of real rocks by applying image stitching and binarization processing methods. A microscopic pore model of carbonate rocks was then established using COMSOL numerical simulation software. The microscopic water flooding characteristics and residual oil distributions of different schemes were observed by designing different fracture development forms. The fractures that developed in parallel main lines showed a more obvious influence on water flooding characteristics compared to fractures that developed in vertical main lines. The cluster residual oil was the main residual oil type in the early stage of water flooding in the pure matrix model. With the progress of water flooding, the continuous cluster residual oil gradually turned into mainly discontinuous porous and columnar residual oils. Vertical mainline fractures reduced the amount of residual oil in clusters and replaced it with columnar residual oil. In contrast, parallel main line fractures expanded the unswept area, with the residual oil appearing in contiguous clusters. This study microscopically analyzed the law and characteristics of water flooding in carbonate reservoirs to provide key theoretical support for enhancing oil recovery.

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“…8−11 These contribute to a major challenge faced by the petroleum geologists and engineers in enhancing oil recovery from the huge proved reserves in Mishrif carbonates. 3,12 The pore structure generally refers to the pore and pore-throat types, geometry, size distribution, and connectivity. 13 It plays a decisive role in oil and gas behaviors within reservoirs, including hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, and displacement characteristics, and fundamentally controls macroscopic reservoir quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Cretaceous Mishrif Formation in the Mesopotamian Basin comprises a thick carbonate succession and contains about 30% of total Iraqi oil reserves, forming the most significant carbonate reservoir in the basin. , Extensive studies reveal that the Mishrif Formation is rudist-bearing carbonates comprising three third-order sequences . It is deposited in the shallow-shelf environment and imprinted by early diagenesis − and characterized by medium–high porosity, low–high permeability, complex pore system, and strong reservoir heterogeneity. − These contribute to a major challenge faced by the petroleum geologists and engineers in enhancing oil recovery from the huge proved reserves in Mishrif carbonates. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Pore Structure of Strong Heterogeneous Carbonates in the Mesopotamian Basin

et al. 2021

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The Cretaceous Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian Mishrif Formation carbonates in the Mesopotamian Basin are characterized by complex pore systems, resulting in strong reservoir quality heterogeneity. Major factors that constitute the complexity of pore structure are types, geometries, and topologies of pores and pore-throats. These factors and the effect of pore structure on reservoir quality were investigated by integration of thin sections, petrographic image analyses, porosity, permeability, and mercury injection capillary pressure measurements. Eight matrix-related and three matrix-unrelated pore types, which are dominated by secondary pores, are identified in the Mishrif carbonates. Pore sizes range from a few microns to more than 1 cm and vary greatly both in the same and in different pore types. Pore shapes range from better circularity and simple boundaries to irregular complex boundaries and similar for the same pore type. Porethroat radii (PTR) range from 3 nm to 124 μm, and micro pore-throats occur in all carbonates in different proportions. Pore-throat systems show strong heterogeneity and are classified into six classes based on their size distribution characteristics. Carbonate porosity is not solely correlated with pore sizes because pore abundance is another independent factor to determine porosity. Permeability is controlled by PTR rather than pore sizes, and R 40 (PTR corresponding to the 40th percentile of mercury saturation) is the most correlated PTR to permeability. There is no apparent correlation between pore size and PTR except for the interparticle pores. Both pore sizes and PTR distributions can reflect reservoir microscopic heterogeneity due to their positive correlations for all pore types other than micropores (pore diameter less than 30 μm).

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Optimum development options and strategies for water injection development of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East

Cited by 64 publications

References 10 publications

A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs

A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs

COMSOL-based investigation of the characteristics of microscopic water flooding and residual oil distribution in carbonate reservoirs

Insights into the Pore Structure of Strong Heterogeneous Carbonates in the Mesopotamian Basin

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