Opto-electronic characteristics of chemically deposited cadmium sulphide thin films

Nair, P. K.; Campos, J.; Nair, M. T. S.

doi:10.1088/0268-1242/3/2/010

Cited by 100 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The estimated values of the band gaps are 1.69 eV (360 °C), 1.72 eV (380 °C), 1.74 eV (400 °C) and 1.79 eV (450 °C). This falls between the values of the band gaps reported for molybdenum sulphide thin films [1][2][3][4]16]. It is obvious that the band gap depends on the deposition temperature of the thin film.…”

Section: Optical Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Molybdenum sulphide is a technologically important transition metal chalcogenide material which has drawn considerable attention as functional materials for many important applications such as solar cells [1,2], photovoltaic cells [3,4], field emitters [5,6], thermoelectric materials [7], catalyst in electrochromic devices [8], and so on. It also exhibits a strong degree of anisotropy in their properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Deposition Temperature on Some Properties of MOCVD Molybdenum Sulphide Thin Films

Olofinjana

Egharevba²,

Taleatu³

et al. 2014

JMSE-B

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Molybdenum sulphide thin films were deposited on sodalime glass, silicon wafer and stainless steel (AISI 304L) substrates using Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) technique at temperatures ranging from 360 o C to 450 o C. The films were characterized using Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy, Four point probe technique, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Elemental analysis showed that the S/Mo ratio increases from 1.22 to 2.33 with increasing temperature. The optical band gap varies from 1.69 eV to 1.79 eV as deposition temperature increases. The electrical conductivity ranging from 0.5 Ω -1 cm -1 to 1.30 Ω -1 cm -1 also depends on deposition temperature. SEM micrographs of the films showed the layered structure of the film with an estimated grain size that increases from 1.6 µm to 2.4 µm as the deposition temperature increases. This study demonstrates that the properties of the films depend on the deposition temperature.

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Section: Optical Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Deposition Temperature on Some Properties of MOCVD Molybdenum Sulphide Thin Films

Olofinjana

Egharevba²,

Taleatu³

et al. 2014

JMSE-B

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“…In CdS/CdTe solar cell, the light is transmitted through the CdS layer to the p-type CdTe absorber layer and the photogenerated electron-hole pairs are divided in the depletion region of the CdS/CdTe hetero junction. CdS in a photovoltaic solar cell does not just act as a window layer, but also play a part in carrier generation due to its high photosensitivity [4,5]. Therefore, the physical properties of the CdS layers can influence the characteristics of CdS/CdTe hetero junction interface and consequently, the performance of the cell [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of annealing temperature effect on magnetron sputtered cadmium sulfide thin film properties

et al. 2016

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Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films are deposited on the fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass substrate using the radio frequency magnetron sputtering setup. The effects of annealing in air on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of CdS thin film are studied. Optimal annealing temperature is investigated by annealing the CdS thin film at different annealing temperatures of 300, 400, and 500°C. Thin films of CdS are characterized by X-ray diffractometer analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and four point probe. The as-grown CdS films are found to be polycrystalline in nature with a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phases. By increasing the annealing temperature to 500°C, CdS film showed cubic phase, indicating the phase transition of CdS. It is found from physical characterizations that the heat treatment in air increased the mean grain size, the transmission, and the surface roughness of the CdS thin film, which are desired to the application in solar cells as a window layer material.

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“…Mainly for the economical reason, from this point on we will refer to it as economical formulation-although this can be further enhanced-whose specifications are depicted in Table 3. These specifications can be changed-usually a variation in the Cd 2+ concentration is done-but it is necessary to take into account that the deposition conditions, like the pH of the On the other hand, although different authors have included in their reports studies in which the reaction temperature is varied [12,15,[20][21][22][23][24]27,28,34,35,54,73,[77][78][79][80][81]84,85,87,89,90,, there is no report about the energy consumption of the equipment that keeps constant the temperature of the water bath at a selected value. For this purpose, we measured the energy consumption during the first minutes when a temperature of 30˚C, 50˚C, and 70˚C is achieved, starting from a water bath at 25˚C.…”

Section: Selection Of a Convenient Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first modifications to this standard system were made by Call et al in 1980 [14], who used cyanide (CN -) as ligand instead of NH 3 , and by Mondal et al in 1983 [15] and Bhardwaj et al in 1984 [16], who introduced triethanolamine (N(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 3 ) as ligand besides NH 3 . The use of N(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 3 was taken by the group of Nair and Nair, who reported several works using this ligand [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. But in 1994 they reported [28] a formulation in which citrate ( ) was used as ligand instead of N(CH 2 CH 2 OH) 3 , besides including NH 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Analysis of Five Aspects Addressed to Minimize Costs and Waste in the Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Films Using the CdB–AC6H5O7–AOH–(NH2)2CS System

García-Valenzuela¹,

Castelo-González²,

Baez-Gaxiola³

et al. 2013

MSA

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Five studies were conducted in order to produce less waste and economize the application of a CdCl 2 -Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 -KOH-H 3 BO 3 /NaOH/KCl-(NH 2 ) 2 CS definite aqueous system in the chemical bath deposition of CdS thin films, as well as to generate supporting information helpful to explain the effects of varying certain parameters established for the use of this formulation. These studies are related to the utility of the pH 10 borate buffer, to the selection of the appropriate OH -concentration, commercial alkali, and reaction temperature, and to the reusing of the residual solution. These studies were conducted by means of optical characterization, pH measurements, energy consumption tests, and chemical analysis; and all possible implications were analyzed in detail and widely supported by the literature. It is observed that the addition of 5.0 mL of pH 10 borate buffer in the reaction solutions only causes a slight reduction in the pH value and, therefore, in the thickness of the resulted films. It is observed that a decrease in CdCl 2 concentration causes an increase in the pH values, and when such reagent concentration is varied it is necessary to determine the pH value at which the best CdS films can be obtained; this indicates the existence of an optimum pH of deposition, depending on the used reagent concentrations. It is demonstrated that the use of KOH and NaOH is interchangeable, and the advantages of NaOH are evaluated in the context of hygroscopicity, CO 2 absorption, purity, and price. It is observed that the energy consumption when depositing a determined film is lower at high temperatures, and it is concluded that the time and energy savings at high temperatures are undoubtedly advantages in the deposition process of CdS thin films. A formulation to recycle the residual solution is presented, which is very important for the reducing of residual volume, and, therefore, in the minimizing of the environmental impact. An indirect objective of this work is to generate interest in identifying those points that could be modified in other chemical formulations to minimize costs and waste.

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Opto-electronic characteristics of chemically deposited cadmium sulphide thin films

Cited by 100 publications

References 35 publications

Effect of Deposition Temperature on Some Properties of MOCVD Molybdenum Sulphide Thin Films

Effect of Deposition Temperature on Some Properties of MOCVD Molybdenum Sulphide Thin Films

Investigation of annealing temperature effect on magnetron sputtered cadmium sulfide thin film properties

Detailed Analysis of Five Aspects Addressed to Minimize Costs and Waste in the Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Films Using the Cd<i>B</i>–<i>A</i>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>7</sub>–<i>A</i>OH–(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CS System

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