Oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment

Harrigan, Richard A.; Nathan, Michelle S.; Beattie, Philip

doi:10.1067/mem.2001.114314

Cited by 126 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…These chemical agents can eventually increase vascular function and reduce impaired lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as inflammation (13,14). Nevertheless, lactic acidosis, for instance, is the most serious complication of biguanides (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Aquatic Extract of Stevia on the Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

et al. 2017

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Background: Diabetes, as a common chronic disorder, is the seventh leading cause of death in the world. This disorder is classified into two major types: type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Recently, researchers have identified a higher level of inflammatory cytokines in patients with type II diabetes, compared to the normal population. Today, plant-based therapies, given their anti-diabetic properties, have attracted the researchers' attention. One of the medicinal plants with anti-diabetic effects is Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain how stevioside, as a derivative of Stevia rebaudiana, can cause such a significant decline in blood glucose level. To the best of our knowledge, the exact anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of the aquatic extract of stevia are not fully understood. Therefore, the current research aimed to evaluate whether stevia can improve the interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Methods:In the present study, a cohort of rats was divided into five groups, each containing 11 rats: (1) normoglycemic group, receiving 1 mL of water; (2) diabetic control group, receiving 1 mL of water; (3) and (4) diabetic groups treated with the aquatic extracts of stevia (400 mg/kg) and metformin (500 mg/kg), respectively; and (5) healthy group treated with the aquatic extract of stevia (400 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from the heart for evaluating serum IL-6 changes. Statistical analysis was performed, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc multiple comparison test. Results:The present results showed that IL-6 (P = 0.001) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P < 0.001) levels significantly increased in all diabetic groups, compared to healthy rats. Surprisingly, treatment with stevia could significantly reduce FBS (P < 0.001), as well as IL-6 level (P = 0.001) in comparison with the diabetic group.Conclusions: Based on the findings, inflammation can be ameliorated with the whole aquatic extract of stevia, as an anti-diabetic compound. Therefore, by considering IL-6 level as an indicator of insulin resistance, stevia can lead to a decline in IL-6 level and thereby reduce insulin resistance in diabetic patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Aquatic Extract of Stevia on the Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

et al. 2017

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“…14,20 Há alguns anos a rosiglitazona (9) 14,26,27 As sulfoniluréias agem inibindo canais de potássio sensíveis ao ATP, despolarizando a lula β pa eáti a e i duzi do o i fluxo de íons cálcio e, consequentemente, a liberação de insulina a partir dos grânulos de secreção. 19,28 Esta classe de fármacos vem sendo empregada há décadas no tratamento do diabetes tipo II, sendo considerada de baixo custo, segura, e eficaz na redução da glicemia e das complicações cardiovasculares e microvasculares associadas à doença, embora seu uso esteja relacionado ao surgimento de efeitos adversos, como a hipoglicemia e o ganho de peso, limitando seu emprego em pacientes diabéticos obesos. 13,27 As sulfonilureias de segunda geração possuem maior potência que os fármacos de primeira geração, além de uma redução na incidência de efeitos adversos.…”

Section: Tiazolidinodionas (Glitazonas)unclassified

Drugs for the Treatment of Type II Diabetes: A Visit to the Past and a Look to the Future

2017

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ResumoO diabetes mellitus consiste em uma síndrome metabólica caracterizada por níveis elevados de glicose sanguínea (hiperglicemia). Atualmente, cerca de 90-95% dos casos de diabetes são do tipo II, o qual se desenvolve a partir de um quadro inicial de resistência periférica à insulina. Em decorrência do avanço exponencial dos principais fatores de risco para o estabelecimento da doença, incluindo a obesidade, maus hábitos alimentares, estilo de vida sedentário e envelhecimento populacional, as estatísticas apontam para a existência de uma epidemia global de diabetes tipo II, com estimativas assustadoras para o futuro. Tratando-se de uma doença crônica sistêmica de progressão lenta, há uma demanda imediata por medicamentos eficazes e com um perfil de segurança adequado ao uso contínuo. Esta revisão detalha a evolução dos fármacos antidiabéticos atualmente disponíveis no mercado farmacêutico, demonstrando os avanços realizados até então e os desafios para o futuro.

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“…The death rate in people with diabetes is almost twice that of people without diabetes. 3 The WHO estimated that 85% of the population of developing countries depends on production and utilization of traditional medicine. A large number of people are suffering of diabetes, since insulin may be not available or is unaffordable by them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidiabetic Plants in Traditional Medicines: A Review

Rani¹,

Arora²,

Goyal³

2017

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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Plant extracts and their constituents are one of the potential approaches those are used for the prevention and treatment of a huge number of disorders. Herbal products and food supplements are the chief components of plant extracts, those are helpful in retaining healthiness, performing against a range of diseases and they support the quality of being. Diabetes mellitus is, a multi-factorial chronic metabolic ailment causes high blood glucose level, one of them. The systematic researches of traditional herbal therapies for diabetes give precious leads for the progress of alternative medicines and therapeutic approaches. Alternatives are evidently required due to the incapability of modern approaches to organize all of the pathological aspects of diabetes, and the poor availability and high cost of existing therapies for several country population. This review summarizes traditional plants with verified antidiabetic potential in pre-clinical and clinical studies for synergistic management of diabetes.

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Oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment

Cited by 126 publications

References 108 publications

Effect of the Aquatic Extract of Stevia on the Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

Effect of the Aquatic Extract of Stevia on the Serum Level of Interleukin-6 in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

Drugs for the Treatment of Type II Diabetes: A Visit to the Past and a Look to the Future

Antidiabetic Plants in Traditional Medicines: A Review

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