Oral Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis and Its Potential Risk of Malignant Transformation: A Systematic Review and Prevalence Meta-Analysis

Lorenzo-Pouso, Alejandro I.; Pérez‐Jardón, Alba; Caponio, Vito Carlo Alberto; Spirito, Francesca; Chamorro-Petronacci, Cintia; Álvarez-Calderón-Iglesias, Óscar; Vila, Pilar Gándara; Muzio, Lorenzo Lo; Pérez‐Sayáns, Mario

doi:10.3390/jof8101093

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The chosen strains encompass those commonly associated with saprophytic growth and/or those implicated in oral candidiasis. To address this, we included two distinct strains of C. albicans and three strains of non- albicans Candida which are frequently encountered in patients with intact immune systems alongside cancer [ 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light

Wiench,

Paliga,

Mertas

et al. 2024

Dentistry Journal

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Background: Candida albicans and similar species are significant pathogens in immunocompromised and hospitalized individuals, known for mucosal colonization and bloodstream/organ invasion. Many pathogenic fungi, including these species, exhibit autofluorescence (R/OF) under specific light conditions, a feature crucial for their detection. Aim: We investigated the use of a 405 nm diode laser for the direct observation of red/orange autofluorescence of Candida spp., common in the oral cavity, exploring its potential in health screenings. Methods: This study utilized cultures of Candida spp. on Sabouraud dextrose agar with Qdot 655 and 685 for fluorescence benchmarking, illuminated using a 405 nm diode laser (continuous wave, power 250 mW, 0.0425 J/cm² fluence, 0.0014 W/cm² power density). Images were captured using a yellow-filter camera at set intervals (48 to 144 h). Visual and computational analyses evaluated the R/OF in terms of presence, intensity, coloration, and intra-colony variation. Results: Most Candida strains displayed red/orange autofluorescence at all observation times, characterized by varied coloration and intra-colony distribution. Initially, there was an increase in R/OF intensity, which then stabilized in the later stages of observation. Conclusions: The majority of the Candida strains tested are capable of emitting R/OF under 405 nm laser light. This finding opens up new possibilities for integrating R/OF detection into routine dental screenings for Candida spp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light

Wiench,

Paliga,

Mertas

et al. 2024

Dentistry Journal

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“…Additional differential diagnoses that may exhibit similarities and clinical resemblance in presentation such as chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, which is a prototypical oral lesion resulting from chronic Candida infection. characterized by its typical presentation in the anterior buccal mucosa bilaterally with diffuse margins [ 24 , 25 ]. There may also be frictional keratosis induced by mechanical irritation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphea Involving the Lips and Gingiva: A Rare Case Report

Albagieh,

Alshagroud,

Aladnan

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Morphea is a subtype of scleroderma that does not involve Raynaud's phenomenon or internal organ involvement. It is a connective tissue disease that features the excessive deposition of collagen in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, leading to a thickening of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, eventually forming a scar-like lesion. We represent a 19-year-old male Saudi patient displaying a white patch on the marginal gingiva of tooth #21 and multiple yellowish papules on the outer surface of the lip. Both teeth #21 and #22 have experienced recession and bone loss. The patient’s clinical history and histopathology revealed characteristic features of localized scleroderma. A treatment was proposed involving immunosuppressants, methotrexate, and pimecrolimus cream along with topical corticosteroids and excimer laser therapy (308 nm). The patient followed the treatment plan for a full month and the white patch quickly improved for the patient. Afterward, the patient has been taking only methotrexate with a significant but gradual improvement. In this paper, we discuss the differential diagnosis to be considered and present an unusual occurrence of localized scleroderma in the oral cavity.

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“…Hyperplastic candidiasis may be associated with epithelial dysplasia. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 observational studies (274 patients) reported a malignant transformation rate of 12.1% (95% CI, 4.1% to 19.8%) . However, the current evidence is insufficient to consider hyperplastic candidiasis as an oral potentially malignant disorder, and a proper diagnostic criterion for hyperplastic candidiasis must be developed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Oral Conditions

Stoopler,

Villa,

Bindakhil

et al. 2024

JAMA

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ImportanceDry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are 3 of the most common oral conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality of life, and morbidity.ObservationsIn a meta-analysis of 26 population-based cohort and cross-sectional studies, the global prevalence of dry mouth symptoms was 23% (95% CI, 18% to 28%), placing individuals at risk of oral candidiasis, dental caries, dysgeusia, masticatory/speech impairment, and oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dry mouth is associated with using more than 3 oral medications per day (odds ratio [OR], 2.9 [95% CI, 1.4 to 6.2]), head and neck radiation, and Sjögren disease. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing and speaking, thirst, and halitosis. Dry mouth is associated with an 11.5% (95% CI, 3.6% to 27%) higher risk of oral candidiasis, based on a meta-analysis of 6 observational cohorts. Management of dry mouth includes mechanical salivary stimulants, oral moisturizers, and/or systemic sialagogues. Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by overgrowth of the Candida genus with C albicans, which accounts for 76.8% of infections. The prevalence of oral candidiasis is higher in patients who are immunosuppressed, for example, those with HIV (35% [95% CI, 28% to 42%]) and those with salivary gland hypofunction (OR, 3.02 [95% CI, 1.73 to 5.28]). Common risk factors associated with oral candidiasis include use of antibiotics (P = .04) and oral mucosal disorders such as lichen planus. Oral burning and dysgeusia are common symptoms of oral candidiasis. Treatment includes addressing risk factors and use of topical and/or systemic antifungal medications. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is characterized by symptomatic round or oval oral ulcers, which are covered by a gray-white fibrin layer and encircled by an erythematous ring. A meta-analysis of 10 case-controlled studies revealed an increased risk of recurrent aphthous stomatitis associated with polymorphism of IL-1β (+3954C/T) (OR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.07 to 2.17]) and IL-1β (−511C/T) (OR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.67]). Another meta-analysis of 9 case-control studies reported that patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis had a higher frequency of nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin B12 (OR, 3.75 [95% CI, 2.38 to 5.94]), folic acid (OR, 7.55 [95% CI, 3.91 to 14.60]), and ferritin (OR, 2.62 [95% CI, 1.69 to 4.06]). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis can be associated with systemic diseases. A meta-analysis of 21 case-control studies revealed that celiac disease is associated with a higher incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (25% vs 11%; OR, 3.79 [95% CI, 2.67 to 5.39]; P &lt;.001). Topical corticosteroids are first-line agents to manage recurrent aphthous stomatitis; however, systemic medications may be necessary in more severe cases.Conclusions and RelevanceDry mouth, oral candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers are common oral conditions that may be associated with patient discomfort, decreased quality of life, and morbidity. First-line treatment includes over-the-counter sialagogues for dry mouth, topical antifungals for oral candidiasis, and topical corticosteroids for aphthous ulcers. Oral conditions that do not improve with first-line treatment may require treatment with systemic medications.

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Oral Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis and Its Potential Risk of Malignant Transformation: A Systematic Review and Prevalence Meta-Analysis

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

Red/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light

Red/Orange Autofluorescence in Selected Candida Strains Exposed to 405 nm Laser Light

Morphea Involving the Lips and Gingiva: A Rare Case Report

Common Oral Conditions

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