“…Oral BA: hardly absorbed (Chen et al, 2009) Positively charged nanoparticles (chitosan with a low MW of 30 kDa): increased oral BA, 20.5% (rats) (Chen et al, 2009) Low-MW heparin A highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans; MW, less than 8 kDa Injection: t 1/2 , 0.57-4 h (Samama & Gerotziafas, 2000;Hwang et al, 2012). Oral BA: hardly absorbed (Dong et al, 2007;Hwang et al, 2012;Alam et al, 2014); 1.6% (monkeys) and 7.4% (rats) (Alhilal et al, 2014) Positively charged nanoparticles (poly(e-caprolactone)/Eudragit V R RS,1:1): increased oral BA, 51-59% (rabbits); prolonged anticoagulant effect, 8-11.5 h (Hoffart et al, 2006) Conjugation (DA): increased oral BA, $16% (mice) (Dong et al, 2007) Conjugation (dimeric DA): increased oral BA, 19.3% (rats) (Hwang et al, 2012) Conjugation (T-DA): increased oral BA, 19.9% (monkeys) and 33.5% (rats) (Alhilal et al, 2014) Conjugation (T-DA)þcomplexation (DCEA): increased oral BA, 34.3% (rats); prolonged MRT, 7.5 h; improved antiangiogenic efficacy Chinese yam PS A neutral PS composed of glucose and galactose (1.52:1, molar ratio); MW, 16.6 kDa (Yang et al, 2015) PLGA nanoparticles: slowed release and improved immunomodulatory activity in vitro (Luo et al, 2016 et al, 2016a). Overall, ROPS-loaded liposomes (ROPS-Ls) showed significantly better efficacy than free ROPS.…”