Oral exposure, reinfection and cellular immunity to Schmallenberg virus in cattle

Wernike, Kerstin; Eschbaumer, Michael; Schirrmeier, Horst; Blohm, Ulrike; Breithaupt, Angele; Hoffmann, Bernd; Beer, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.040

Cited by 76 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…SBV antibodies appear 10-21 d after infection (11,26). The half-life of SBV antibodies and their ability to neutralise the virus remain uncertain, except for the seropositive cattle, which is resistant to reinfection for at least eight weeks (24). Similarly to other European countries (6,21,25), SBV was able to overwinter in Poland without the active vector.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

Larska

Kęsik-Maliszewska

Kuta

2014

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) specific antibodies in ruminants from 13 Polish provinces, sampled between January 2010 and August 2013. A total number of 1813 serum samples from cattle, sheep, goats, mouflon, wild and farmed cervids, and European bison were tested by ELISA for viral nucleoprotein antibodies. First SBV seropositive animals were identified in August 2012 (1.6%), and the percentage increased gradually, reaching 57.1% in December of this year. The proportion of seropositive animals in 2013 at the level of 34.2% increased tenfold in comparison to 2012 (3.4%), which was particularly significant at the level of individual provinces. In 2013, the highest percentages of SBV seropositive animals were found in Dolnoslaskie (92.3%), Podlaskie (82.3%), and Zachodniopomorskie (80.9%) provinces. Significant associations between the seroprevalence and province of origin, month, ruminant species, and insect vector activity were found, while no dependence of animal age on seropositivity was observed. The differences between SBV seropositive large and small ruminants suggested the involvement of some vector exposure factors, which needs to be further investigated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

Larska

Kęsik-Maliszewska

Kuta

2014

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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“…Adult ruminants have short-term RNAemia during the first week after SBV infection, followed by seroconversion between 4 days and 3 weeks after a positive PCR result. 14,21,26,29 The presence of SBV RNA in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes for up to several weeks is a common finding in most SBV-infected ruminants after RNAemia has ceased, 24,27 whereas in fetuses the detection of SBV antibodies in precolostral blood or of SBV RNA in cerebrum, brainstem, amniotic fluid, and in spinal and umbilical cords was found suitable for the confirmation of a previous SBV infection 4 (World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 2013, http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_ expertise/docs/pdf/A_Schmallenberg_virus.pdf). Therefore, whole blood, serum, and tissue homogenates from mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and different parts of the brain were chosen for the 2 independent trials ( Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

European interlaboratory comparison of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) real-time RT-PCR detection in experimental and field samples

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Molecular methods for the detection of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) RNA were rapidly developed after the emergence of this novel orthobunyavirus in Europe. The SBV epizootic wave has declined, but infectious SBV in SBV RNA-positive semen remains a possible risk for the distribution of SBV. However, the abilities of SBV molecular detection methods used at European laboratories have not yet been assessed, to our knowledge. The performances of extraction and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) methods used at 27 German and 17 other European laboratories for SBV RNA detection in the matrices of whole blood, serum, tissue homogenate, RNA eluates, and bovine semen were evaluated in 2 interlaboratory trials with special emphasis on semen extraction methods. For reliable detection of viral genome in bovine semen samples, highly effective extraction methods are essential to cope with the potential inhibitory effects of semen components on PCR results. All methods used by the 44 laboratories were sufficiently robust to detect SBV RNA with high diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (95.8%) in all matrices, except semen. The trials demonstrated that the published recommended semen extraction methods ) and a combination of TRIzol LS with an alternative extraction kit have a considerably higher diagnostic sensitivity to detect SBV RNA in semen up to a detection limit of Cq ≤35 compared to other extraction methods used. A thorough validation of extraction methods with standardized semen batches is essential before their use for SBV RNA detection in bovine semen.

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“…It also appears that the virus does not spread though the oral route. In an experimental study in naive cattle infected with SBV orally as well as subcutaneously, viral RNA was detected in serum and blood samples for several days in the subcutaneously infected animals whereas, orally inoculated animals and uninfected controls remained negative throughout the study (Wernike et al 2013).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It may be noted that Culicoides obsoletus is the primary vector of Bluetongue virus, especially serotype 8 (BTV-8), in northern Europe. Naive animals infected with SBV virus have been detected to have viral RNA in their blood for several days (Wernike et al 2013), indicating that biting insects may acquire the virus and can then transmit to other susceptible animals during blood feeding. SBV also transmits vertically across the placenta and vertical transmission from females to their offspring is of particular importance as SBV has been shown to be involved in congenital malformations in lambs, goat kids and calves .…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging disease of cattle, sheep and goats

Pawaiya¹,

Gupta²

2013

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection is an emerging infectious disease of ruminants first described in Germany in November, 2011. Since then it has spread very rapidly to several European countries. The disease is characterised by fever, reduced milk production and diarrhoea in cattle and abortions, stillbirths and foetal abnormalities in sheep and goats. SBV is an enveloped, negative-sense, segmented, single-stranded RNA virus, classified in the genus Orthobunyavirus of the Bunyaviridae family, and is closely related to Akabane, Ainoa and Shamonda viruses. As of now there is no vaccine available for SBV, which poses a serious threat to naive ruminant population. Owing to its recent discovery, our understanding of Schmallenberg viral disease and its pathology and pathogenesis is limited. This article reviews the data reported so far on this emerging disease with regard to aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis and control and discusses the future scenario and implications of the disease.

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Oral exposure, reinfection and cellular immunity to Schmallenberg virus in cattle

Cited by 76 publications

References 9 publications

Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

Spread of Schmallenberg virus infections in the ruminants in Poland between 2012 and 2013

European interlaboratory comparison of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) real-time RT-PCR detection in experimental and field samples

A review on Schmallenberg virus infection: a newly emerging disease of cattle, sheep and goats

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