Oral Health Behavior and Treatment Needs among Drug Addicts and Controls in Amritsar District: A Case-controlled Study

Abstract

Background: Substance and drug abuse is associated with severe psychosocial problems, violence and health complications. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the oral hygiene status and sugar eating patterns among drug addicts with their age, gender and socio-economic status matched controls. Settings and Design: The present study comprised of two groups-Group A comprised of 100 drug addicts and Group B included 100 controls. The study sample were interviewed and subjected to a comprehensive intra-oral examination. Methods and Material: Standardized methods of evaluation were performed using mouth mirror, dental probe, explorer and WHO probe. Statistical Analysis: The data was subjected to statistical analysis using Chi Square test and student t-test. Results and Conclusions: CPITN index revealed bleeding in 56% addicts and calculus in 20% addicts. The mean DMFT of group A was 5.71 as compared to 2.45 in group B. The frequency of sugar consumption was found to be high in addicts as compared to the controls. Significant P values (< 0.001) of DMFT index, periodontal status and frequency of sugar consumption were obtained on statistical analysis. The caries status was found to be poor in addicts, but the periodontal treatment needs were similar for both group A and B. Oral health promotion should be undertaken in drug rehabilitation centers for overall success of withdrawl treatment.

Illicit drug use and oral health

“…A similar pattern was observed for poly-drug users, more D (+3.5) and M (+3.4) teeth and fewer (À2.1) FT than controls. More recent studies among crack cocaine users [21], opioid users [24,27] and cannabis users [25] reported similar findings. Notably, a deviant finding was reported from a sample of morphine-dependent men in 1945; dental caries prevalence was quite similar to that in a control group [33], but this may reflect that caries experience in the general population at that time was very high.…”

“…Increased risk of other oral health problems is also reported. Baghaie and colleagues [20] identified 28 primary studies examining oral health problems in illicit drug users and controls, and 10 additional primary studies [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] were identified from more recent reviews [2,[30][31][32] and further literature searches. These 38 studies were conducted in 16 different countries.…”

Neurorehabilitation of Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise for ATS Drug Dependent Compulsory Isolation Detoxification

“…Hyperactivity of dopamine may be related to psychiatric symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. It may explain the clinical features that are prone to psychiatric symptoms when a large amount of ATS is abused (acute poisoning), and the psychiatric symptoms will be relieved quickly after stopping drug abuse [19][20]. In addition, methamphetamine also induces nerve excitotoxicity through glutamate and NMDA receptors [21][22].…”

Microstructural Organization of Periodontium Under Conditions of Complex Correction Against the Background of Experimental Ten-Week Opioid Exposure

“…Однак, поряд із досягненням ефекту знеболення, довготривале використання опіоїдів обумовлює узалежнення та негативні медико-соціальні наслідки [3,4]. Необхідно також враховувати залежність фармакологічного ефекту від дозування препарату, від чого залежить вплив опіоїдного середника на метаболізм, зумовлюючи особливості механізмів патогенезу в різних органах і системах [5,6,7,8,9].…”

“…Слід відмітити, що зловживання наркотичних речовин провокує розвиток специфічних змін тканин і органів ротової порожнини із прогресуванням агресивних форм захворювань пародонту [10,11]. З метою підвищення ефективності лікування наркозалежних осіб, ряд авторів рекомендують застосовувати етіотропну та патогенетичну терапію [5,12,13]. З метою зменшення рівня мікробної колонізації у ротовій порожнині при розвитку та прогресуванні запальних захворювань пародонту, доцільним вважають застосовувати антибактеріальну терапію [11].…”