Oral hyperpigmentation as an adverse effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients: A systematic review and pooled prevalence

HIV-Related Oral Mucosa Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study on a Cohort of Italian Patients

“…Oral candidiasis was one of the most prevalent oral lesions in our cohort of patients (8 cases out 177; 4.5%); however, our study showed a lower prevalence compared to previous studies [24,[36][37][38][39]42]. Oral mucosa hyperpigmentation (7/177; 3.9%), as an adverse drug reaction to cART, represented another common finding, again at a lower percentage than previous epidemiological data [22,24,31,43,44]. Oral hairy leucoplakia was found in 1.7% of patients, within the range available in literature, varying from 0.5% to 11.5% [24,38,39,45].…”

The iron group transition-metal (Fe, Ru, Os) coordination of Se-doped graphitic carbon (Se@g-C3N4) nanostructures for the smart therapeutic delivery of zidovudine (ZVD) as an antiretroviral drug: a theoretical calculation perspective

“…Recent research studies have unveiled a key challenge in the use of individual antiretroviral drugs as the virus' tendency to develop resistance over time. 21 In a study by Niu et al , a 2-dimensional phosphorene-based (DDS) delivery system is used for the delivery of zidovudine to increase its therapeutic effects. 22 Consequently, researchers have developed a strategy involving the combination of two or more drugs to create a more potent antiretroviral therapy known as highly effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART).…”