Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water ameliorated chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity in rats

Abstract

Chronic exposure to low-levels of organophosphate (OP) compounds, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), induces oxidative stress and could be related to neurological disorders. Hydrogen has been identified as a novel antioxidant which could selectively scavenge hydroxyl radicals. We explore whether intake of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) can protect Wistar rats from CPF-induced neurotoxicity. Rats were gavaged daily with 6.75mg/kg body weight (1/20 LD50) of CPF and given HRW by oral intake. Nissl staining and electron microscopy results indicated that HRW intake had protective effects on the CPF-induced damage of hippocampal neurons and neuronal mitochondria. Immunostaining results showed that the increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes induced by CPF exposure can be ameliorated by HRW intake. Moreover, HRW intake also attenuated CPF-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by enhanced level of MDA, accompanied by an increase in GSH level and SOD and CAT activity. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity tests showed significant decrease in brain AChE activity after CPF exposure, and this effect can be ameliorated by HRW intake. An in vitro study demonstrated that AChE activity was more intense in HRW than in normal water with or without chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), the metabolically-activated form of CPF. These observations suggest that HRW intake can protect rats from CPF-induced neurotoxicity, and the protective effects of hydrogen may be mediated by regulating the oxidant and antioxidant status of rats. Furthermore, this work defines a novel mechanism of biological activity of hydrogen by directly increasing the AChE activity.

Hydrogen-rich water attenuates amyloid β-induced cytotoxicity through upregulation of Sirt1-FoxO3a by stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in SK-N-MC cells

“…Recently, clinical trials have also proven the benefits of HRW in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in patients [17,18]. Particularly, oral intake of HRW displays anti-neurotoxicity effects by regulating the oxidant and antioxidant status of rats [19]. In addition, Li et al found that HRW plays a protective role in a rat model of Aβ-induced neural inflammation and learning-memory deficits [20].…”

(−)-P7C3-S243 Protects a Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease From Neuropsychiatric Deficits and Neurodegeneration Without Altering Amyloid Deposition or Reactive Glia

“…In the screening platform, the third compound (C3) of the seventh pool (P7), thereby named P7C3, was discovered to augment postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis by protecting young hippocampal neurons from dying, without affecting their rate of proliferation, and was also shown to mitigate cognitive decline in terminally aging rats (11). Subsequent medicinal chemistry efforts led to more potent variations of the original P7C3 molecule (12–14) and also generated bioactive probes that facilitated the discovery that P7C3 molecules enhance flux of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in mammalian cells (15). Treatment with P7C3 has recently been shown to indirectly mitigate other critical cell death signaling events as well (16).…”

Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates spinal cord hemisection-induced testicular injury in rats

“…Recently, Watanabe et al demonstrated that radiation-induced rat skin injury can potentially be alleviated by the pre-inhalation of hydrogen-containing gas [12]. Drinking HRW has been reported to have preventative or/and therapeutic effects in many stress-induced organ injuries [13, 14]. …”