Oral manifestations in HIV infection: fungal and bacterial infections, Kaposi's sarcoma

Reichart, Peter A.

doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0175-5

Cited by 53 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is the most common form; it presents as easily removable white or yellowish plaques on the mucosa, which is hyperemic and may bleed. 5,8 These two forms may occur simultaneously. 8 Lesions may extend throughout the mouth in severely immunodeficient patients.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,8 These two forms may occur simultaneously. 8 Lesions may extend throughout the mouth in severely immunodeficient patients. 5 The diagnosis is based on clinical findings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The diagnosis is based on clinical findings. 8 2. Pilous leukoplakia: this is a rough-surfaced flat whitish lesion on the lateral aspect of the tongue.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 The main sites in the mouth are the palate and the gingival, but it may be found throughout the mouth. 8 It may be associated with human herpes virus (HPV) 8 8,10 and 4. 10 The diagnosis is made with a biopsy; treatment is radiotherapy, local chemotherapy (vinblastine or sodium sulphate tetradecil) and surgery.…”

Section: Oral Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Otolaryngologic manifestations in HIV disease: clinical aspects and treatment

Sanjar¹,

Queiroz²,

Miziara³

2011

Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.)

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HIV is a pandemic infection with cases notified in almost all countries. The reported prevalence of symptoms in the head and neck is about 80%; otolaryngologists may be the first physician to see such patients. Oral manifestations are the most common, followed by neck and sinus manifestations. Otolaryngologic symptoms may be important signs of antiretroviral therapy failure. Symptoms are present in acute infections and advanced cases. Objective To describe new approaches in the past five years for the treatment of the most frequent otolaryngologic manifestations in HIV patients. Methods Systematic reviews and case series published in English and Portuguese from January 2002 to October 2007 including the most common otolaryngology manifestations were selected. Conclusion Otolaryngologic manifestations are common and ENT specialists must be prepared to identify such cases.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,8 These two forms may occur simultaneously. 8 Lesions may extend throughout the mouth in severely immunodeficient patients. 5 The diagnosis is based on clinical findings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The diagnosis is based on clinical findings. 8 2. Pilous leukoplakia: this is a rough-surfaced flat whitish lesion on the lateral aspect of the tongue.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oral Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Otolaryngologic manifestations in HIV disease: clinical aspects and treatment

Sanjar¹,

Queiroz²,

Miziara³

2011

Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.)

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“…Fungal infections are serious problems during the treatment of immunosuppressive viral infections, malignant tumors, and other immunocompromising disorders (17,30,31). Novel drugs with potent antifungal activities have been developed (9, 11), but they have insufficiently controlled fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, and a new strategy for control is desired.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Fungal Infection by a Combination of Amphotericin B and Peptide 2, a Lactoferrin Peptide That Activates Neutrophils

Okamoto

Tanida

Ben-juan

et al. 2004

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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To establish a novel strategy for the control of fungal infection, we examined the antifungal and neutrophilactivating activities of antimicrobial peptides. The duration of survival of 50% of mice injected with a lethal dose of Candida albicans (5 ؋ 10 8 cells) or Aspergillus fumigatus (1 ؋ 10 8 cells) was prolonged 3 to 5 days by the injection of 10 g of peptide 2 (a lactoferrin peptide) and 10 g of ␣-defensin 1 for five consecutive days and was prolonged 5 to 13 days by the injection of 0.1 g of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and 0.5 g of amphotericin B. When mice received a combined injection of peptide 2 (10 g/day) with amphotericin B (0.5 g/day) for 5 days after the lethal fungal inoculation, their survival was greatly prolonged and some mice continued to live for more than 5 weeks, although the effective doses of peptide 2 for 50 and 100% suppression of Candida or Aspergillus colony formation were about one-third and one-half those of amphotericin B, respectively. In vitro, peptide 2 as well as GM-CSF increased the Candida and Aspergillus killing activities of neutrophils, but peptides such as ␣-defensin 1, ␤-defensin 2, and histatin 5 did not upregulate the killing activity. GM-CSF together with peptide 2 but not other peptides enhanced the production of superoxide (O 2 ؊ ) by neutrophils. The upregulation by peptide 2 was confirmed by the activation of the O 2 ؊ -generating pathway, i.e., activation of large-molecule guanine binding protein, phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase, protein kinase C, and p47 phox as well as p67 phox . In conclusion, different from natural antimicrobial peptides, peptide 2 has a potent neutrophil-activating effect which could be advantageous for its clinical use in combination with antifungal drugs.

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