Oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS in Asia: Systematic review and future research guidelines

Abstract

Objectives The authors have conducted a systematic review of oral manifestations of HIV from studies conducted in Asia to establish the characteristics and prevalence of individual oral manifestations in Asia, and to assess the direction of future research studies on oral manifestations of HIV in Asia. Material and Methods The electronic retrieval systems and databases searched for relevant articles were PubMed [MEDLINE], EBSCO, and EMBASE. The search was for limited articles published in English or with an English abstract and articles published during the period January 1995 to August 2014. The authors reached a final overall sample of 39 studies that were conducted in Asia. Results The median population size among all studies was 312.7 patients. Oral candidiasis [OC] was the most common oral manifestation [37.7%] in studies conducted in Asia. The overall prevalence of oral hairy leukoplakia and melanotic hyperpigmentation was computed to be 10.1% and 22.8% respectively. Thailand and India are primarily countries with maximum research on oral manifestations. Conclusions The research on oral manifestations of HIV in Asia has to upgrade to more interventional and therapeutic studies rather than the contemporary cross- sectional epidemiological descriptive studies. The authors have given suggestions and future directions for the implementation of clinical research of oral manifestations in HIV patients. Key words:Oral manifestations, HIV/AIDS, Asia, Systematic review.

Systematic review of the changing pattern of the oral manifestations ofHIV

“…Aphthous ulceration and hyperpigmentation were reported inconsistently with a varying prevalence between countries. It is likely that genetics and socioeconomic factors contributed to their etiology, rather than HIV status . Generally, the range of the reported OM‐HIV was much wider in the developing world, probably a reflection of other factors, such as malnutrition and poor oral health.…”

Oral candidiasis profile of the Indonesian HIV-infected pediatric patients at UPIPI Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

“…Opportunistic infections that manifest in the oral cavity has been an integral part of the disease that mirrors the general health of an individual. Of the many oral opportunistic infections, oral candidiasis is the most prevalent manifestation found in immunocompromised host [8,9]. It is related to important diagnostic and prognostic values to HIV infection as well as in detecting treatment failure [10].…”

VI Congreso Internacional de Investigación Cualitativa en Ciencia y Tecnología

“…La resistencia de Cryptococcus al fluconazol en el presente trabajo pudo estar relacionada con el hecho de que este es el único triazol utilizado en el hospital de procedencia de los pacientes objeto de estudio y el mismo se emplea, con regularidad en el tratamiento de las micosis de forma general. La candidiasis en particular, suele ser una de las principales causas de morbilidad en los individuos infectados por el VIH (Bolduc, Roder, Colgate, y Cheeseman, 2016;Schmiedel y Zimmerli, 2016;Sharma, Oberoi, Vohra, y Nagpal, 2015), por lo que la posibilidad de que éstos tuvieran una infección subclínica o latente por Cryptococcus y que estas levaduras desarrollaran resistencia a partir de la exposición al medicamento durante tratamientos previos, resulta difícil de probar pero no se debe descartar. De forma adicional, durante las últimas décadas se constata un incremento de la presión selectiva debido al empleo de azoles de uso agrícola para el control de plagas.…”