Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in children: An institutional study at highly active antiretroviral therapy centre in India

Abstract

Context:More than 1000 children are newly infected with Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) every day, and of these more than half will die as a result of AIDS due to lack of access to HIV treatment. HIV disease varies considerably in children. Among those infected prenatally, some experience few or no symptoms for years, whereas in others the disease progresses rapidly. The risk factors that influence the development of such oral manifestations include, low CD4+ T cell count, xerostomia and lack of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Aims:To identify the oral manifestations of HIV in children receiving HAART.Materials and Methods:The study comprised 95 children receiving HAART. 95 HIV +ve children not receiving HAART and 95 HIV –ve children were also included for comparing the manifestations of HIV.Statistical Analysis Used:Statistical analysis was done using Fisher's Chi-square test. Probability value (P value) was obtained for the three groups.Results:The manifestations of HIV that were observed in children receiving HAART include dental caries (26%), periodontal diseases (23%), candidiasis (19%), hyperpigmentation (17%), ulcerative stomatitis (9%) and one case of mucocele. These manifestations were compared with HIV +ve children not receiving HAART and HIV –ve children to find manifestations with statistical significance.Conclusions:We conclude that HAART had increased the disease-free states in HIV +ve children on HAART promising them better life span. The incidence of oral lesions can further come down with adequate oral hygiene measures in HIV-infected children.

Prevalência de manifestações bucais em crianças infectadas pelo HIV: uma revisão da literatura

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Its diagnosis is difficult due to the presence of the maternal anti-HIV antibody that crosses the placental barrier and may be detectable in children up to 18 months of age. 6,17 After virus infection, patients can spend several years without manifesting the disease. The immunological markers that define disease progression are the decline of CD4 + T lymphocyte count and the inversion of CD4 + /CD8 + ratio.…”

“…6 This oral manifestation is caused by a local trauma and is commonly observed in children with or without HIV seropositivity. Therefore, it was not presented in Table 2.…”

“…6,7,9,14,15,[22][23][24] Some challenges such as diet care, drug administration, emotional factors and prejudice are still part of the daily life of these families, making it necessary to develop strategies that allow these children to grow and develop with quality of life. 16,19,20 Due to children's immature immune system, HIV infection symptoms are different from adults, manifesting with faster progression of the disease, higher frequency of bacterial infections and a lower prevalence of oral neoplasias.…”

Avaliação das condições bucais e antropométricas em adolescentes soropositivos entre 12 a 19 anos de idade, atendidos no Hospital Central de Maputo-Moçambique

“…Este vírus tem duas sub categorias: HIV-1 e HIV-2, O HIV-1 é a causa mais frequente da AIDS e HIV-2 , que difere em sua estrutura genômica e antigenicidade, causa uma síndrome clinica semelhante e é mais comum na África Subsaariana (MITTAL, 2009;ABBAS et al, 2008), entretanto, essa doença vem sendo considerada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como uma pandemia (PONNAM et al, 2012;SAINI, 2011 …”

“…A redução na prevalência de lesões orais em indivíduos que receberam a terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa foi reportada por (PONNAM et al, 2012;PINHEIRO et al, 2004). (VIEIRA et al,, 2010).…”