2004
DOI: 10.1089/1087291041703665
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Oral Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Positive Individuals: Review and Role of Mucosal Immunity

Abstract: Oral opportunistic infections in the HIV-positive individual have been documented since the first reports of the epidemic, with many lesions associated with reduced CD4(+) T lymphocyte cell count. The most common oral lesions seen in HIV disease prior to the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were oropharyngeal candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia. However, since the advent of HAART while many oral lesions have decreased significantly the incidence of oral warts has surprisingly increased… Show more

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Cited by 49 publications
(43 citation statements)
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“…The present observation suggests that the organic solvent extraction was suitable to verify the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants and they supported by many investigators [24,27]. Candidiasis of the oesophagus and mouth by Candida albicans, is the most common infection observed in the immunosuppressed individual [28]. Because there are limited effective antifungal drugs currently available for the treatment of candidiasis, it is critical to discover and evaluate new sources of antifungal agents.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 73%
“…The present observation suggests that the organic solvent extraction was suitable to verify the antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants and they supported by many investigators [24,27]. Candidiasis of the oesophagus and mouth by Candida albicans, is the most common infection observed in the immunosuppressed individual [28]. Because there are limited effective antifungal drugs currently available for the treatment of candidiasis, it is critical to discover and evaluate new sources of antifungal agents.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 73%
“…Previously, we reported salivary microbial changes in HIV-infected patients (16). Others have observed positive correlations between HIV infection and increased oral Candida colonization (6,(17)(18)(19). It has also been suggested that impairment of systemic defense mechanisms by reduction of CD4 ϩ T cells below protective levels and impairment of local immunity by reduction of levels of salivary IgA, defensins, or epithelial cell-mediated cytokines in the saliva might lead to the conversion of commensal Candida to microorganisms with increased pathogenicity, causing an imbalance in the host oral microbial composition and hence increased risk for opportunistic infections (20,21).…”
mentioning
confidence: 77%
“…3 Since the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) there has been a decrease in the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis. 4 In a study of opportunistic illnesses in 8,070 patients from 1994 to 2007, esophageal candidiasis, like other oral infections, decreased significantly but has stabilized since [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007]. 5 However, a study that followed 744 HIV patients on HAART found oral lesions were identified in 35% of patients.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%