“…Detailed characteristics of the 21 studies are summarized in Table 1. Seventeen studies were cohort studies (n = 15 retrospective, n = 2 prospective) [2,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], two were case-control studies [31,32], and one each was a case series [33] and an RCT [34]. Studies were conducted in Austria, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Spain, and Switzerland, and approximately half were from the USA (n = 10).…”
Section: Search Results and Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Across studies, sample sizes ranged from 10 to 756 persons and included in- or outpatients ( n = 11 and 2 studies, respectively), mixed ( n = 3 studies), or not reported ( n = 5 studies) treatment settings. Per the prespecified RoB assessment rating score, five studies had a low RoB [ 18 , 21 , 22 , 30 , 33 ], nine had a moderate RoB [ 2 , 14 , 19 , 25 , 27 – 29 , 31 , 34 ], and four had a high RoB [ 15 , 17 , 23 , 32 ] (Table S7 ). Fig.…”
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe respiratory infections in adults; however, information on associated sequelae is limited. This systematic literature review aimed to identify sequelae in adults within 1 year following RSV-related hospitalization or resolution of acute infection. Methods: Studies were identified from Embase, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and grey literature.
“…Detailed characteristics of the 21 studies are summarized in Table 1. Seventeen studies were cohort studies (n = 15 retrospective, n = 2 prospective) [2,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], two were case-control studies [31,32], and one each was a case series [33] and an RCT [34]. Studies were conducted in Austria, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Spain, and Switzerland, and approximately half were from the USA (n = 10).…”
Section: Search Results and Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Across studies, sample sizes ranged from 10 to 756 persons and included in- or outpatients ( n = 11 and 2 studies, respectively), mixed ( n = 3 studies), or not reported ( n = 5 studies) treatment settings. Per the prespecified RoB assessment rating score, five studies had a low RoB [ 18 , 21 , 22 , 30 , 33 ], nine had a moderate RoB [ 2 , 14 , 19 , 25 , 27 – 29 , 31 , 34 ], and four had a high RoB [ 15 , 17 , 23 , 32 ] (Table S7 ). Fig.…”
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe respiratory infections in adults; however, information on associated sequelae is limited. This systematic literature review aimed to identify sequelae in adults within 1 year following RSV-related hospitalization or resolution of acute infection. Methods: Studies were identified from Embase, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and grey literature.
“…Approach to treating RSV in SOT varies among transplant centers with some using an observational approach and others using oral or inhaled ribavirin with or without intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) [68]. Uncontrolled case series and observational studies of LTRs showed clinical effectiveness of ribavirin against RSV without significant differences in 6-month and 1-year outcomes between oral and inhaled formulations [69,70 ▪ ]. Given that aerosolized ribavirin is costly, teratogenic, and requires negative-pressure room and dedicated staff for administration, oral ribavirin has become a preferred alternative [69,70 ▪ ].…”
Section: Treatment Of Rsvmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Uncontrolled case series and observational studies of LTRs showed clinical effectiveness of ribavirin against RSV without significant differences in 6-month and 1-year outcomes between oral and inhaled formulations [69,70 ▪ ]. Given that aerosolized ribavirin is costly, teratogenic, and requires negative-pressure room and dedicated staff for administration, oral ribavirin has become a preferred alternative [69,70 ▪ ]. Nevertheless, systemic ribavirin is also associated with teratogenicity and adverse effects including hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, and neuropsychiatric symptoms [71].…”
Purpose of review
Respiratory viral infections are prevalent and contribute to significant morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We review updates from literature on respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in the SOT recipient.
Recent findings
With the wider availability and use of molecular diagnostic tests, our understanding of the epidemiology and impact of respiratory viruses in the SOT population continues to expand. While considerable attention has been given to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the advances in prevention and treatment strategies of SARS-CoV-2 offered valuable insights into the development of new therapeutic options for managing other respiratory viruses in both the general and SOT population.
Summary
Respiratory viruses can present with a diverse range of symptoms in SOT recipients, with potentially associated acute rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. The epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment and preventive strategies for clinically significant RNA and DNA respiratory viruses in SOT recipients are reviewed. This review also covers novel antivirals, immunologic therapies, and vaccines in development for various community-acquired respiratory viruses.
“…Ribavirin (RBV) is a monophosphate inosine 5 ′ -monophosphate (IMPDH) inhibitor that inhibits IMPDH, thereby hindering the synthesis of viral nucleic acids. RBV has broad-spectrum antiviral properties, inhibiting a wide range of viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, herpes simplex virus, and preventing influenza, adenovirus pneumonia, hepatitis A, herpes, and measles [2][3][4]. In China, RBV has been clinically proven to be effective against epidemic hemorrhagic fever, and its efficacy is obvious in early-stage patients, which can reduce the mortality rate, alleviate renal damage, reduce bleeding tendency, and improve systemic symptoms [5].…”
Acute pneumonia (AP), triggered primarily by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, is a leading cause of human mortality. Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, plays a pivotal role in the treatment of AP. However, its therapeutic use is hindered by the need for high dosages and the associated cardiac and hepatic toxicities. In this study, we synthesized polyethylene glycol-modified cationic liposomes to encapsulate ribavirin (RBV-PCL) and formulated it into a spray, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of RBV through respiratory administration. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a compound known to induce AP models in animals, was utilized in our research. Successfully, we established an acute pneumonia model in mice using aerosol inhalation. Through animal experiments, we investigated the therapeutic effects of RBV-PCL on mice with AP. In vivo studies revealed promising results. RBV-PCL effectively prolonged the survival of mice with AP, significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs and spleens of mice. These findings suggest that RBV-PCL can effectively suppress the inflammatory response in mice with AP, thus holding significant potential as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute pneumonia.
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