Oral Treatment of Rodents With Fipronil for Feed-Through and Systemic Control of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Mascari, T. M.; Stout, Rhett W.; Foil, Lane D.

doi:10.1603/me12157

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In follow-on studies, it was shown that rodents fed on fipronil produced feces that were toxic to coprophagous larvae for up to 21 days. An approach using rodent baits containing fipronil could significantly suppress vector populations that originate in the vicinity of rodent populations, eliminating the portion of the adult population that feeds on the rodents and immature stages that feed on the toxic feces [219].…”

Section: Current Status Of Treatment Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

et al. 2014

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Bartonella bacilliformis is the bacterial agent of Carrión's disease and is presumed to be transmitted between humans by phlebotomine sand flies. Carrión's disease is endemic to high-altitude valleys of the South American Andes, and the first reported outbreak (1871) resulted in over 4,000 casualties. Since then, numerous outbreaks have been documented in endemic regions, and over the last two decades, outbreaks have occurred at atypical elevations, strongly suggesting that the area of endemicity is expanding. Approximately 1.7 million South Americans are estimated to be at risk in an area covering roughly 145,000 km2 of Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru. Although disease manifestations vary, two disparate syndromes can occur independently or sequentially. The first, Oroya fever, occurs approximately 60 days following the bite of an infected sand fly, in which infection of nearly all erythrocytes results in an acute hemolytic anemia with attendant symptoms of fever, jaundice, and myalgia. This phase of Carrión's disease often includes secondary infections and is fatal in up to 88% of patients without antimicrobial intervention. The second syndrome, referred to as verruga peruana, describes the endothelialcell-derived, blood-filled tumors that develop on the surface of the skin. Verrugae are rarely fatal, but can bleed and scar the patient. Moreover, these persistently infected humans provide a reservoir for infecting sand flies and thus maintaining B. bacilliformis in nature. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this life-threatening, neglected bacterial pathogen and review its host-cell parasitism, molecular pathogenesis, phylogeny, sand fly vectors, diagnostics, and prospects for control.

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Section: Current Status Of Treatment Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

et al. 2014

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“…Fipronil-based drugs, orally administered to cattle and rodents, have been successful in killing laboratory-reared sand flies under controlled conditions, targeting blood-feeding adults and larvae that feed on host feces [ 25 – 27 ]. Orally applied fipronil can remain in the system of animals for several weeks to several months, dependent on the concentration administered (mg/kg body weight) and fipronil has a lengthy half-life of approximately 128 days [ 28 ], meaning that sand fly control can potentially be maintained for several months following a single treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent: Modelling the Dynamic Relationship between Vector Control Schemes and Vector Life Cycles

2016

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BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by two known vector-borne parasite species (Leishmania donovani, L. infantum), transmitted to man by phlebotomine sand flies (species: Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia), resulting in ≈50,000 human fatalities annually, ≈67% occurring on the Indian subcontinent. Indoor residual spraying is the current method of sand fly control in India, but alternative means of vector control, such as the treatment of livestock with systemic insecticide-based drugs, are being evaluated. We describe an individual-based, stochastic, life-stage-structured model that represents a sand fly vector population within a village in India and simulates the effects of vector control via fipronil-based drugs orally administered to cattle, which target both blood-feeding adults and larvae that feed on host feces.Principle findingsSimulation results indicated efficacy of fipronil-based control schemes in reducing sand fly abundance depended on timing of drug applications relative to seasonality of the sand fly life cycle. Taking into account cost-effectiveness and logistical feasibility, two of the most efficacious treatment schemes reduced population peaks occurring from April through August by ≈90% (applications 3 times per year at 2-month intervals initiated in March) and >95% (applications 6 times per year at 2-month intervals initiated in January) relative to no control, with the cumulative number of sand fly days occurring April-August reduced by ≈83% and ≈97%, respectively, and more specifically during the summer months of peak human exposure (June-August) by ≈85% and ≈97%, respectively.ConclusionsOur model should prove useful in a priori evaluation of the efficacy of fipronil-based drugs in controlling leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent and beyond.

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“…Since simulation results suggest that larval mortality has greater impact on P. argentipes populations than adult mortality, fipronil application would be more efficacious in areas with greater FOF. Several studies have indicated phlebotomine sand fly sensitivity to fipronil [26,[29][30][31][32], with P. argentipes larvae being particularly vulnerable [32]. Poché et al recorded 100% larval mortality up to 21-days post treatment at all fipronil concentrations they administered to cattle (Bos taurus) [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fipronil acts by disrupting the central nervous system of insects by interfering with the passage of chloride ions through the GABA-regulated chloride channels (Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company 1996, now known as Bayer Crop Science). It has been shown to be highly effective as an oral endectocide against several disease vectors such as fleas [23][24][25][26], ticks [23], mosquitoes [27,28], and P. papatasi [29,30], Phlebotomus mongolensis [26] and P. argentipes [31,32] sand flies. In terms of the efficacy of fipronil against sand flies, when administered to a host orally, it permeates in the blood and is excreted in the feces [33], allowing for control of both blood-feeding adult and fecal-feeding larval sand flies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent: Efficacy of fipronil-based cattle treatment in controlling sand fly populations is dependent on specific aspects of sand fly ecology

2020

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Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly disease transmitted by the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes on the Indian subcontinent, with a promising means of vector control being orally treating cattle with fipronil-based drugs. While prior research investigating the dynamic relationship between timing of fipronil-based control schemes and the seasonality of sand flies provides insights into potential of treatment on a large scale, ecological uncertainties remain. We investigated how uncertainties associated with sand fly ecology might affect our ability to assess efficacy of fipronil-based control schemes. To do this, we used a previously-described, individual-based, stochastic sand fly model to quantify how uncertainties associated with 1) the percentage of female sand flies taking blood meals from cattle, and 2) the percentage of female sand flies ovipositing in organic matter containing feces from treated cattle might impact the efficacy of fipronil-based sand fly control schemes. Principal findings Assuming no prior knowledge of sand fly blood meal and oviposition sites, the probabilities of achieving effective sand fly population reduction with treatments performed 3, 6 and 12 times per year were �5-22%, �27-36%, and �46-54%, respectively. Assuming �50% of sand flies feed on cattle, probabilities of achieving efficacious control increased to �8-31%, �15-42%, and �52-65%. Assuming also that �50% of sand flies oviposit in cattle feces, the above probabilities increased further to �14-53%, �31-81%, and �89-97%.

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Oral Treatment of Rodents With Fipronil for Feed-Through and Systemic Control of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Cited by 15 publications

References 7 publications

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana: Bartonelloses Unique to South America

Visceral Leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent: Modelling the Dynamic Relationship between Vector Control Schemes and Vector Life Cycles

Visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent: Efficacy of fipronil-based cattle treatment in controlling sand fly populations is dependent on specific aspects of sand fly ecology

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