Oralbiotica/Oralbiotics: The Impact of Oral Microbiota on Dental Health and Demineralization: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract

The oral microbiota plays a vital role in the human microbiome and oral health. Imbalances between microbes and their hosts can lead to oral and systemic disorders such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this review is to investigate the literature evidence of oral microbiota dysbiosis on oral health and discuss current knowledge and emerging mechanisms governing oral polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis; both have enhanced our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and aided the design of innovative therapeutic approaches as ORALBIOTICA for oral diseases such as demineralization. PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EMBEDDED, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source via EBSCO, APA PsycINFO, APA PsyArticles, and DRUGS@FDA were searched for publications that matched our topic from January 2017 to 22 April 2022, with an English language constraint using the following Boolean keywords: (“microbio*” and “demineralization*”) AND (“oral microbiota” and “demineralization”). Twenty-two studies were included for qualitative analysis. As seen by the studies included in this review, the balance of the microbiota is unstable and influenced by oral hygiene, the presence of orthodontic devices in the oral cavity and poor eating habits that can modify its composition and behavior in both positive and negative ways, increasing the development of demineralization, caries processes, and periodontal disease. Under conditions of dysbiosis, favored by an acidic environment, the reproduction of specific bacterial strains increases, favoring cariogenic ones such as Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium longum, and S. mutans, than S. salivarius and A. viscosus, and increasing of Firmicutes strains to the disadvantage of Bacteroidetes. Microbial balance can be restored by using probiotics and prebiotics to manage and treat oral diseases, as evidenced by mouthwashes or dietary modifications that can influence microbiota balance and prevent or slow disease progression.

Analysis of Dental Enamel Remineralization: A Systematic Review of Technique Comparisons

“…Different types of microorganisms constitute the biofilm that adheres to the tooth surface [ 15 ]. This microbial colony stabilizes the oral pH and protects the environment from exogenous and pathogenic species [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Pathogenic bacteria isolated from children and diabetic human tongue according to some characteristics

“…Risk of infection in oral cavity depends on several factors including host defence mechanisms, presence of pathogenic bacteria and absence of normal flora (Haerian-Ardakani et al, 2015a)and host defense mechanisms is decline with the age and may become impaired in the elderly affecting the balance of resident tongue microbiota, the dorsum of the tongue becomes colonized by opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus is the major causative pathogen in maxillofacial space infections of diabetic patients (Ljiljana et . Saliva in diabetic patients has low bacterial load with a different composition of the oral microbiome due to the acidification of saliva which allows the growth of anaerobic bacterial species that are more resistant to acids (Inchingolo et al, 2022).…”

Caries Management—The Role of Surface Interactions in De- and Remineralization-Processes

“…High sugar intakes shift the ecological equilibrium to an enhanced colonization with oral pathogens. This pathogenic condition is reflected by the high amount of organic acids produced by the bacterial digestion of carbohydrates, ultimately resulting in caries [ 8 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have a strong role in the development of the pathogenic biofilm [ 39 ], regulating the tolerance towards antibacterial agents and mediating bacterial adherence to the tooth surface [ 8 , 9 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”