Orally administered glycidol and its fatty acid esters as well as 3-MCPD fatty acid esters are metabolized to 3-MCPD in the F344 rat

Onami, Saeko; Cho, Young‐Man; Toyoda, Takeshi; Akagi, Jun‐ichi; Fujiwara, Satoshi; Ochiai, Ryosuke; Tsujino, Kazushige; Nishikawa, Akiyoshi; Ogawa, Kumiko

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.020

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Gavage administration of either 3‐MCPD or three of its fatty acid esters produced no detectable glycidol in either the serum or gastric, duodenal and caecal contents of male F344 rats 30 min after dosing (Onami et al., ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gavage administration of either glycidol or two of its fatty acid esters produced concentrations of 3‐MCPD in serum of male F344 rats that exceeded those of glycidol at 30 min after dosing (Onami et al., ). Formation of 3‐MCPD after gavage of two glycidyl mono‐esters was observed in duodenal and caecal contents of male F344 rats, but at levels near the LOQ and inconsistently among the replicate animals.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors supposed that microbes containing enzymes capable of catalysing the dehalogenation reactions can utilise 3‐MCPD as an exclusive carbon source (microbial cultures that grow on halogenated organic compounds). Whether other bacterial strains, including those present in the human gut microbiome, are able to convert 3‐MCPD into glycidol is unknown; however, conversion of orally administered 3‐MCPD or its esters into glycidol was not observed in rats (Onami et al., ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Onami et al. () showed that significant amounts of glycidol were converted into 3‐MCPD in serum from male F344 rats dosed orally at a dose of 510 μmol/kg bw (37.7 mg/kg bw) using a GC‐MS‐based method with potentially better sensitivity.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food

Wallace¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2016

EFS2

133

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EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on free and esterified 3-and 2-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (MCPD) and glycidyl esters in food. Esters of 3-and 2-MCPD and glycidol are contaminants of processed vegetable oils; free MCPDs are formed in some processed foods. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) evaluated 7,175 occurrence data. Esters of 3-and 2-MCPD and glycidyl esters were found at the highest levels in palm oil/fat, but most vegetable oil/fats contain substantial quantities. Mean middle bound (MB) dietary exposure values to total 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidol, respectively, across surveys and age groups in µg/kg body weight (bw) per day were 0.2-1.5, 0.1-0.7 and 0.1-0.9; high exposure (P95) values were 0.3-2.6, 0.2-1.2 and 0.2-2.1. Animal studies show extensive hydrolysis of esterified 3-MCPD and glycidol following oral administration; esterified and free forms were assumed to contribute equally to internal exposures. Nephrotoxicity was consistently observed in rats treated with 3-MCPD. Data on 2-MCPD toxicity were insufficient for dose-response assessments. Chronic treatment with glycidol increased the incidence of tumours in several tissues of rats and mice, likely via a genotoxic mode of action. The Panel selected a BMDL 10 value for 3-MCPD of 0.077 mg/kg bw per day for induction of renal tubular hyperplasia in rats and derived a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.8 µg/kg bw per day. The mean exposure to 3-MCPD was above the TDI for 'Infants', 'Toddlers' and 'Other children'. For glycidol, the Panel selected a T25 value of 10.2 mg/kg bw per day for neoplastic effects in rats. The margins of exposure (MoEs) were 11,300-102,000 and 4,900-51,000 across surveys and age groups at mean and P95 exposures, respectively. An exposure scenario for infants receiving formula only resulted in MoEs of 5,500 (mean) and 2,100 (P95). MoEs of 25,000 or higher were considered of low health concern. Amendment: A few editorial amendments were carried out that do not materially affect the contents of the outcome of this scientific output: on pages 5 and 91 'chorine' has been replaced with 'chlorine'; on page 52 the word 'it' has been replaced by 'its' in the first paragraph after Figure 7; on page 54 in the Repeated dose section the reference to MCPD has been replaced with 3-MCPD; on page 54 the 429.5 mg/kg bw day dose has been replaced with 29.5 mg/kg bw day; on page 55 in the first paragraph of the Hematology section the reference 'mg/kg per day' has been replaced with 'mg/kg bw per day; on page 55 the year for the reference Marchesini et al. has been changed from 1989 to 1986; on page 59, in the first paragraph of the Developmental toxicity section the word 'days' has been cancelled; on page 65 the reference 'Onami et al., 2014a,b' has been replaced with 'Onami et al., 2014b'; on page 85 first paragraph, reference to the lowest T25 of 10 has been replaced to 10.2. To avoid confusion, the older version has been removed from the EFSA Journal, but is available on request, as is a version sho...

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food

Wallace¹,

Alexander²,

Barregård³

et al. 2016

EFS2

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a heatinduced food contaminant that has been widely investigated for decades (Jędrkiewicz et al, 2016;Onami et al, 2015;Bakhiya et al, 2011). Since the compound has been detected in various foods and food ingredients, such as acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein and soy sauces, the toxic effect of 3-MCPD is of increasing concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered susceptibility of an obese rat model to 13-week subchronic toxicity induced by 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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-3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a heat-induced food contaminant that has been shown to be a nongenotoxic renal carcinogen. Although the toxicity of 3-MCPD has been widely investigated for decades, there is a further concern that 3-MCPD might exert more potent toxicity in highrisk population with underlying diseases such as hyperlipidemia associated with obesity. In the present study, we performed a 13-week subchronic toxicity study for 3-MCPD using an obesity rat model to investigate the differences in susceptibility between obese and normal individuals. Male F344 and obese Zucker (lean and fatty) rats were administered 0, 9, 28.5, 90, 285, or 900 ppm 3-MCPD in drinking water for 13 weeks. 3-MCPD treatment decreased body weight gain, increased relative kidney weights, induced anemia, and induced epithelial cell necrosis in epididymal ducts in all 3 strains. The degrees of epididymal damage were higher in F344 and lean rats than in fatty rats, while renal toxicity was most potent in F344 rats and comparable in lean and fatty rats. In contrast, the hematology data indicated that anemia was worse in fatty rats than in F344 and lean rats, and a significant decrease in hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow was observed only in fatty rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was estimated to be 28.5 ppm in all 3 strains for 3-MCPD. These results suggested that obese Zucker rats may be more susceptible to 3-MCPD-dependent toxicity in the hematopoietic tissues than their lean counterparts.

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Lipids in Infant Formula

Zou

Zhang²,

Pedersen

et al. 2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Human milk (HM) provides the ideal nourishment for infant growth and cognitive development. The new advances in component and microstructure analyses of HM provide solid knowledge for developing better infant formulas to mimic HM to the largest extent possible. In this article, we reviewed the latest progress in the analysis and understanding of the physical structures, composition, and phospholipids and other minor components in HM lipids, as well as in its counterpart infant formula (IF) lipids. The similarities and differences of lipids between HM and IF suggest the gaps to be narrowed for improved IF development, as the theme of IF lipids studies, which are not only on fatty acid composition, but also on triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and minor lipid species and level of supplements. The efforts and researches in searching alternative oils and fats and development of related chemical/enzymatic processes comprise a key focus of this article. The specifications to regulate IF market, marketing trend, and patenting status are also intensively discussed. Moreover, the risk substance controls of 3‐monochloro‐1,2‐propanediol (3‐MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GE) and the strategy to mitigate them during IF lipid process are also reviewed.

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Orally administered glycidol and its fatty acid esters as well as 3-MCPD fatty acid esters are metabolized to 3-MCPD in the F344 rat

Cited by 31 publications

References 20 publications

Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food

Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food

Altered susceptibility of an obese rat model to 13-week subchronic toxicity induced by 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol

Lipids in Infant Formula

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