Orbitofrontal damage reduces auditory sensory response in humans

Kam, Julia W. Y.; Solbakk, Anne‐Kristin; Funderud, Ingrid; Endestad, Tor; Meling, Torstein R.; Knight, Robert T.

doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.023

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Our univariate analyses revealed attentional differences at the sensory level but not higher cognitive level ERP component. Although the peak N1 amplitude in response to target tones was greater during on task compared to mind wandering states [33,36], we did not observe any attentional differences in the N1 and P3 in response to standard tones. In contrast, our machine learning analyses using ERP components in response to standard tones were successful at detecting mind wandering based on these features.…”

Section: Plos Onecontrasting

confidence: 84%

“…Given that scalp EEG is comparably low cost, and can be implemented outside of the laboratory, these EEG measures could be ideal for real-time detection of this phenomenon in the real world. In particular, the P1 and N1 ERP components in response to visual and auditory probes in a target detection task are reduced during mind wandering [ 33 , 35 , 36 ]. This indicates that sensory-evoked responses to both visual and auditory inputs were significantly attenuated, suggesting that mind wandering disrupts external perception regardless of sensory modality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of mind wandering using EEG: Within and across individuals

et al. 2021

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Mind wandering is often characterized by attention oriented away from an external task towards our internal, self-generated thoughts. This universal phenomenon has been linked to numerous disruptive functional outcomes, including performance errors and negative affect. Despite its prevalence and impact, studies to date have yet to identify robust behavioral signatures, making unobtrusive, yet reliable detection of mind wandering a difficult but important task for future applications. Here we examined whether electrophysiological measures can be used in machine learning models to accurately predict mind wandering states. We recorded scalp EEG from participants as they performed an auditory target detection task and self-reported whether they were on task or mind wandering. We successfully classified attention states both within (person-dependent) and across (person-independent) individuals using event-related potential (ERP) measures. Non-linear and linear machine learning models detected mind wandering above-chance within subjects: support vector machine (AUC = 0.715) and logistic regression (AUC = 0.635). Importantly, these models also generalized across subjects: support vector machine (AUC = 0.613) and logistic regression (AUC = 0.609), suggesting we can reliably predict a given individual’s attention state based on ERP patterns observed in the group. This study is the first to demonstrate that machine learning models can generalize to “never-seen-before” individuals using electrophysiological measures, highlighting their potential for real-time prediction of covert attention states.

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Section: Plos Onecontrasting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of mind wandering using EEG: Within and across individuals

et al. 2021

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“…In primates, the connections originate mostly from the upper layers of sensory association cortices and innervate mainly the middle OFC layers (3–5), in a feedforward manner [ 70 , 71 ]. In turn, the OFC can also modulate sensory processes, especially auditory processing [ 72 , 73 ], through feedback connections. Impairment in sensory processing and evaluation, often associated with ASD [ 74 , 75 ], involves disengagement of sensory cortices and neural circuits that process social reward, in which OFC has a central role [ 76 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imbalance of laminar-specific excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex in autism

Bautista

Liu

et al. 2020

Molecular Autism

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Background The human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in assessing the emotional significance of events and stimuli, emotion-based learning, allocation of attentional resources, and social cognition. Little is known about the structure, connectivity and excitatory/inhibitory circuit interactions underlying these diverse functions in human OFC, as well as how the circuit is disrupted in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods We used post-mortem brain tissue from neurotypical adults and individuals with ASD. We examined the morphology and distribution of myelinated axons across cortical layers in OFC, at the single axon level, as a proxy of excitatory pathways. In the same regions, we also examined the laminar distribution of all neurons and neurochemically- and functionally-distinct inhibitory neurons that express the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR). Results We found that the density of myelinated axons increased consistently towards layer 6, while the average axon diameter did not change significantly across layers in both groups. However, both the density and diameter of myelinated axons were significantly lower in the ASD group compared with the Control group. The distribution pattern and density of the three major types of inhibitory neurons was comparable between groups, but there was a significant reduction in the density of excitatory neurons across OFC layers in ASD. Limitations This study is limited by the availability of human post-mortem tissue optimally processed for high-resolution microscopy and immunolabeling, especially from individuals with ASD. Conclusions The balance between excitation and inhibition in OFC is at the core of its function, assessing and integrating emotional and social cues with internal states and external inputs. Our preliminary results provide evidence for laminar-specific changes in the ratio of excitation/inhibition in OFC of adults with ASD, with an overall weakening and likely disorganization of excitatory signals and a relative strengthening of local inhibition. These changes likely underlie pathology of major OFC communications with limbic or other cortices and the amygdala in individuals with ASD, and may provide the anatomic basis for disrupted transmission of signals for social interactions and emotions in autism.

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“…In contrast to healthy subjects, we have previously shown that patients with lesion to the OFC show stronger than normal bias to voluntary attention supporting task performance but at the expense of involuntary attention allocation that might be beneficial outside the current task demands (Hartikainen et al, 2012a ; Mäki-Marttunen et al, 2017 ). In a recent study with OFC lesion patients, non-emotional auditory stimuli evoked reduced amplitude of N1 potential which is known to be modulated by top-down attention control (Kam et al, 2018 ). Other electrophysiological studies have reported altered attentional processing of emotion and novelty after OFC lesion, although with equivocal results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbitofrontal Lesion Alters Brain Dynamics of Emotion-Attention and Emotion-Cognitive Control Interaction in Humans

Kuusinen

Cesnaite

Peräkylä

et al. 2018

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Patients with lesion to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) experience challenges in emotional control and emotion-guided behaviors. The OFC is known to participate in executive functions and attentional control of emotion and our previous research suggests OFC lesion alters the balance between voluntary and involuntary attention and cognitive control within the context of emotion. To better understand how OFC lesion affects the dynamics and interaction of these functions, we studied EEG and performance of 12 patients with lesion to the OFC and 11 control subjects with intact OFC in a Go/NoGo visual reaction time (RT) task with neutral targets and intervening threat-related emotional distractors (Executive RT Test). Event-related potentials (ERPs), specifically N2P3 peak-to-peak amplitude and the following late positive potential (LPP), were used to measure allocation of attention and cognitive control to emotional distractors. Task performance and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions—Adult version (BRIEF-A) scores were used to assess executive functions. As expected, the Control group showed increased N2P3 amplitude in the context of threat-related distractors, particularly over the right hemisphere, while LPP was not modulated by these distractors. In contrast, patients with OFC lesion showed no such impact of threat-related distractors on N2P3 amplitude but exhibited increased and prolonged left-lateralized impact of threat on LPP in the Go-condition. In NoGo-condition, the N2P3 amplitude was increased in both groups due to threat, but the impact was seen earlier, i.e., at the N2 peak in the OFC group and later at the P3 peak in Controls. The OFC group committed more errors in the Executive RT Test and reported more problems in BRIEF-A, thus both objective and subjective evidence for challenges in executive functions was obtained in patients with orbitofrontal lesion. Furthermore, the time-course of attention allocation and cognitive control towards task-irrelevant emotional stimuli was altered as evidenced by ERPs. We conclude that orbitofrontal lesion is associated with altered neural dynamics underlying the interaction of involuntary attention to emotion and cognitive control. These alterations in brain dynamics may underlie some of the challenges patients encounter in everyday life when emotional events interact with cognitive demands.

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Orbitofrontal damage reduces auditory sensory response in humans

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Detection of mind wandering using EEG: Within and across individuals

Detection of mind wandering using EEG: Within and across individuals

Imbalance of laminar-specific excitatory and inhibitory circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex in autism

Orbitofrontal Lesion Alters Brain Dynamics of Emotion-Attention and Emotion-Cognitive Control Interaction in Humans

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