Orchard dormant sprays and exposure of red-tailed hawks to organophosphates

Wilson, Barry W.; Hooper, Michael J.; Littrell, Edward E.; Detrich, Philip J.; Hansen, Mark E.; Weisskopf, Carol P.; Seiber, James N.

doi:10.1007/bf01701140

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Butrylcholinesterase was predominant in most species except in Falconidae, where AChE activity was about 3-7 times greater than BChE activity. In American Accipitridae, BChE contribution to plasma ChE activity was highest in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) (Hooper et al, 1989;Wilson et al, 1991) and Swainson's hawks (Goldstein et al, 1999b), while the highest AChE contribution to plasma ChE activity was reported in American species of Falconidae (Hooper, 1988 cited in Rattner and. For adult tawny owls, the values for ChE activity we found (meanϭ3.361, SDϭ0.844, nϭ16) were similar to those found by Westlake et al (1983) using the method of Ellman et al (1961) with the same substrate and temperature (meanϭ2.53, SDϭ1.00, nϭ6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of their sensitivity to inhibition by OP and CB and their easy accessibility, blood Besterases (primarily cholinesterases) can be used as nondestructive biomarkers. Plasma cholinesterase activities have been used to monitor bird exposure to anticholinesterase insecticides in the field (Hooper et al, 1989;Thompson, 1991;Wilson et al, 1991;Rainwater et al, 1995;Goldstein et al, 1999b;Parsons et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hooper (1988) determined AChE and BChE activities in 11 North American raptor species, Wilson et al (1991) and Goldstein et al (1999b) determined normal values for ChE and AChE activities in raptors, and Bartkowiak and Wilson (1995) determined normal levels of CbE activity in several North American raptor species. Few data are available for European raptor species and information on AChE and BChE activities is not available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Roy

Grolleau

Chamoulaud

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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B-esterases are serine hydrolases composed of cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE). These esterases, found in blood plasma, are inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides and can be used as nondestructive biomarkers of exposure to anticholinesterase insecticides. Furthermore, B-esterases are involved in detoxification of these insecticides. In order to establish the level of these enzymes and to have reference values for their normal activities, total plasma cholinesterase (ChE), AChE and BChE activities, and plasma CbE activity were determined in 729 European raptors representing 20 species, four families, and two orders. The diurnal families of the Falconiforme order were represented by Accipitridae and Falconidae and the nocturnal families of the Strigiforme order by Tytonidae and Strigidae. Intraspecies differences in cholinesterase activities according to sex and/or age were investigated in buzzards (Buteo buteo), sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), barn owls (Tyto alba), and tawny owls (Strix aluco). Sex-related differences affecting ChE and AChE activities were observed in young kestrels (2-3-mo-old) and age-related differences in kestrels (ChE and AChE), sparrowhawks (AChE), and tawny owls (ChE, AChE, and BChE). The interspecies analysis yielded a negative correlation between ChE activity and body mass taking into account the relative contribution of AChE and BChE to ChE activity, with the exception of the honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus). The lowest ChE activities were found in the two largest species, Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaëtus fasciatus) and Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) belonging to the Accipitridae family. The highest ChE activities were found in the relatively small species belonging to the Tytonidae and Strigidae families and in honey buzzard of the Accipitridae family. Species of the Accipitridae, Tytonidae, and Strigidae families were characterized by a BChE contribution that dominated the total ChE activity, while in the species of the Falconidae family, AChE activity dominated. With the exception of the barn owl, CbE activity (eserine-insensitive ␣-naphthyl acetate esterase [␣-⌵〈⌭] activity) in all species was almost absent or very low. The values obtained in this study for ChE, AChE, and BChE activities and the AChE:BChE ratios for buzzard, kestrel, barn owl, and tawny owl provide a good estimate of the normal values in free-living individuals of these European species. They can be used as a baseline to evaluate the effect of anticholinesterase insecticides in the field.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Roy

Grolleau

Chamoulaud

et al. 2005

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Compared to brain ChE, plasma testing can be a more sensitive indicator of toxicity due to faster and more complete enzyme inhibition (Gard, 1993). The 50% inhibition of plasma ChE in PUS crows is considered indicative of exposure to a cholinesterase inhibitor (Wilson, 1991). A frequently occurring biomarker for OP poisoning in humans is elevated serum amylase due to toxic effects on pancreatic acinar cells (Lee et al, 1998).…”

Section: Cholinesterase Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors associated with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in wild birds

Tangredi¹

2007

Avian & Poul. Biolog. Rev.

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Six published case reports of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism are described occurring in different species of juvenile wild birds worldwide. Gross skeletal deformities are characterised by fractures and curvature of the long bones and beak resulting from an altered calciumyphosphorus ratio in the blood. The histopathologic diagnosis is osteodystrophia fibrosa and parathyroid gland hyperplasia. Deficiency of vitamin D is implicated in the two instances in which this was measured. Environmental factors include: decreased biodiversity of food sources, surface water pollution, seasonal conditions affecting food and exposure to UV light, and sub-lethal exposure to xenobiotics. Evidence is presented on the possible role of xenobiotics in the pathogenesis.

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“…However, data are needed to verify this since, for example, bird respiration may be much higher Atmospheric long range transport of pesticides 1375 than humans, exposure through bird lung tissues may be direct and the exposure duration would normally be longer [126]. In one study [179] red-tailed hawks captured during the dormant spraying period in California were found to show effects from organophosphorus exposures with reduced blood cholinesterase activity, however, the mechanism of uptake was determined to be through the feet of the birds as they landed on branches treated with dormant oil sprays and there appears to be little evidence that inhalation was the major route of exposure. A comprehensive study has been carried out in a cotton growing area of Queensland, Australia, in order to determine the exposure of the local population to pesticides used during the growing season [177].…”

Section: Direct Effects On Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

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Orchard dormant sprays and exposure of red-tailed hawks to organophosphates

Cited by 28 publications

References 6 publications

Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Plasma B-Esterase Activities in European Raptors

Environmental factors associated with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in wild birds

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

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