“…The high-resolution O 1s XPS spectrum of TCPP exhibited two peaks centered at 531.98 and 533.53 eV, assigned to the CO and C–O bonds in TCPP (Figure c). , Surprisingly, there is a peak centered at 529.44 eV attributed to the Ce–O bond in Figure c, meaning that the Ce 4+ /Ce 3+ ions can form Ce-oxo clusters via coordination with carboxylate ions. As shown in Figure d, the peaks at 882.41, 887.45, 898.58, 900.71, 907.01, and 916.71 eV corresponded to Ce 3d5/2 and Ce 3d3/2 of Ce 4+ in the CMF-200, and the peaks at 885.76 and 904.32 eV corresponded to Ce 3d5/2 and Ce 3d3/2 of Ce 3+ in the CMF-200 sample. − The generation of Ce 3+ ions is mainly attributed to the reduction of Ce 4+ by DMF or dimethylamine at a relatively high reaction temperature. In Figure e, three peaks at 397.66, 399.82, and 400.91 eV could be identified as CN, N–H, and C–N bonds in TCPP, respectively .…”