Ordered questions bias eyewitnesses and jurors

Michael, Robert B.; Garry, Maryanne

doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0933-1

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Report building is of importance as well (verbal and/or behavioral; Nahouli et al, 2021), or the order in which questions are asked. Michael and Garry (2016) suggest to start with simple questions and coming to more complex and difficult ones at the end. They had found that eyewitnesses reported higher accuracy and were more confident about their memory when questions seemed initially easy, than when they seemed initially difficult.…”

Section: Pitfalls In Eyewitness Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral, neurological, and psychiatric frailty of autobiographical memory

Markowitsch

Staniloiu

2022

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Autobiographical‐episodic memory is considered to be the most complex of the five long‐term memory systems. It is autonoetic, which means, self‐reflective, relies on emotional colorization, and needs the features of place and time; it allows mental time traveling. Compared to the other four long‐term memory systems—procedural memory, priming, perceptual, and semantic memory—it develops the latest in phylogeny and ontogeny, and is the most vulnerable of the five systems, being easily impaired by brain damage and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, it is characterized by its fragility and proneness to distortion due to environmental influences and subsequent information. On the brain level, a distinction has to be made between memory encoding and consolidating, memory storage, and memory retrieval. For encoding, structures of the limbic system, with the hippocampus in its center, are crucial, for storage of widespread cortical networks, and for retrieval again a distributed recollection network, in which the prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role, is engaged. Brain damage and psychiatric diseases can lead to what is called “focal retrograde amnesia.” In this context, the clinical picture of dissociative or functional or psychogenic amnesia is central, as it may result in autobiographical‐emotional amnesia of the total past with the consequence of an impairment of the self as well. The social environment therefore can have a major impact on the brain and on autobiographical‐episodic memory processing. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory

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Section: Pitfalls In Eyewitness Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral, neurological, and psychiatric frailty of autobiographical memory

Markowitsch

Staniloiu

2022

WIRES Cognitive Science

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“…The question order bias is likely not limited to educational tests. Recent research shows that the order in which eyewitnesses answer questions about an event an bias their judgements about how well they performed on the set of questions and their confidence about their performance (Michael & Garry, 2015). These results have implications in a court room.…”

Section: The Question Order Bias In Other Domainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The order of questions on a test affects how well students believe they performed

Franco¹

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<p>We know that students are more optimistic about their performance after they take a test that progresses from the easiest to hardest questions than after taking one that progresses in the opposite order¹. In fact, these “Easy-Hard” students are more optimistic than “Hard-Easy” students even when the two groups perform equally. The literature explains this question order bias as a result of students’ failing to sufficiently adjust, in the face of new information, their extreme initial impressions about the test. In the first two of six studies, we investigated the possibility that a biased memory for individual questions on the test is an alternative mechanism driving the question order bias. The pattern of results was inconsistent with this mechanism, but fit with the established impression-based mechanism. In the next four studies, we addressed the role that the number of test questions plays in determining the size of the question order bias, discovered that warning students is only a partially effective method for reducing the bias, and established a more precise estimate of the bias’ size. Taken together, this work provides evidence that the question order bias is a robust phenomenon, likely driven by insufficient adjustment from extreme initial impressions. ¹ Although the research in this thesis is my own, I conducted it in a lab and supervised a team comprised of research assistants and honours students. I also received advice and direction from my supervisors. Therefore, I often use the word “we” in this thesis to reflect these facts.</p>

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How do ordered questions bias eyewitnesses?

Michael

Garry

2019

Memory

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Ordered questions bias eyewitnesses and jurors

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Behavioral, neurological, and psychiatric frailty of autobiographical memory

Behavioral, neurological, and psychiatric frailty of autobiographical memory

The order of questions on a test affects how well students believe they performed

How do ordered questions bias eyewitnesses?

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