ISolid State Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 3783 1-6030, USA 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Keywords: Z-contrast, transmission electron microscopy, electronic structure, dislocations, grain boundaries Abstract. The Z-contrast technique represents a new approach to high-resolution electron microscopy allowing for the first time incoherent imaging of materials on the atomic scale. The key advantages of the technique, an intrinsically higher resolution limit and directly inierpretable, compositionally sensitive imaging, allow a new level of insight into the atomic configurations of extended defects in silicon. This experimental technique has been combined with theoretical calculations (a combination of first principles, tight binding, and classical methods) to extend this level of insight by obtaining the energetics and electronic structure of the defects.