Ordination techniques for analysing response of biological communities to toxic stress in experimental ecosystems

Wijngaarden, R.P.A. van; Brink, Paul J. Van den; Voshaar, J.H. Oude; Leeuwangh, Peter

doi:10.1007/bf00350650

Cited by 102 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The differences in the structure of the zooplankton communities between the microcosms as sampled at the end of the experiments and the phytoplankton community of the linuron experiment were visualised using principal component analysis (PCA) (Ter Braak 1995;Van Wijngaarden et al 1995). Ordination expresses differences in species composition between samples without the use of measured environmental or explanatory variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim, and Linuron on the Ecology of a Small Indoor Aquatic Microcosm

Daam

Brink

2007

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Abstract. To validate the use of small indoor microcosms for the risk assessment of pesticides, the fate and effects of chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, and linuron were studied in 8.5-liter indoor freshwater microcosms. Functional and structural responses to selected concentrations were evaluated and compared with responses observed in larger-scale model ecosystem studies. Overall, the microcosms adequately displayed the chain of effects resulting from the application, although they did not always predict the exact fate and responses that were observed in larger semifield studies. Because closed systems were used that did not contain sediment and macrophytes, pesticides were relatively persistent in the present study. Consequently, calculated toxicity values were generally more comparable with those reported in studies with long-than with short-term exposure. Carbendazim had a higher overall no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) compared with experiments performed in larger systems because macroinvertebrate taxa, the most sensitive species group to this fungicide, were not abundant or diverse. Future refinements to the test system could include the addition of a sediment compartment and sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa. However, the simple design offers the potential to perform experiments under more controlled conditions than larger and, consequently, more complex model ecosystems, while maintaining relatively high ecologic realism compared with standard laboratory tests. Further implications for risk-assessment studies are discussed in an ecotoxicologic and methodologic context.Microcosms and mesocosms have often been used as a highertier study for the ecologic risk assessment of pesticides. They provide a bridge between laboratory and the field in terms of being manageable and allowing replication; hence, they provide a robust experimental design as well as realism in terms of ecologic processes and exposure to the chemical(s) being studied (Brock et al. 2000a).In recent years, the question of scale in ecologic studies has been widely recognized as a critical issue and underpins conceptual frameworks of how we understand ecologic phenomena (Flemer et al. 1997). Larger and consequently more complex model-ecosystems are not necessarily preferable over smaller ones. A research question can only be solved if the dimensions of the test system meet the requirements needed to solve this question. Larger and consequently more complex model ecosystems are ecologically more realistic than smaller systems. In contrast, smaller model ecosystems are easier to replicate and manipulate; therefore, they prove to be more useful in elucidating the chain of events occurring after chemical stress than large test-systems (Leeuwangh et al. 1994).The development of reliable, validated, more cost-effective, smaller test systems was recommended by the European Workshop on Freshwater Field Tests (Crossland et al. 1992) and the Higher-tier Aquatic Risk Assessment for Pesticides (HARAP) workshop (Campbell et al. 1999). However, only a smal...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim, and Linuron on the Ecology of a Small Indoor Aquatic Microcosm

Daam

Brink

2007

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…feeding rate), respectively. Rules of interpretation of the diagram are described elsewhere (Ter Braak, 1995;Van Wijngaarden et al, 1995;Van den Brink and Ter Braak, 1999).…”

Section: Data Treatment and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation of PCBs in Arctic seabirds: influence of dietary exposure and congener biotransformation

Borgå¹,

Wolkers²,

Skaare³

et al. 2005

Environmental Pollution

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Four seabird species and their prey (zooplankton or fish) were collected in the Barents Sea to determine how dietary exposure, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme activities and sex influenced their hepatic PCB concentrations and accumulation patterns. Five males and five females from each seabird species (little auk (Alle alle), Bru¨nnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)) were analysed. PCB concentrations could not be explained directly by carbon source (d 15 N, migratory pattern, age) and contaminant metabolism. Contrary to previous studies, the PCB pattern differed among seabirds, with a higher proportion of persistent congeners (% of PCB-153, R PCB-153 ) in black-legged kittiwake than in auks. The PCB pattern also differed among auks, with little auk as the most efficient biotransformer (highest R PCB-153 values of persistent congeners). Based on high R PCB-153 values, Bru¨nnich's guillemot poorly metabolised ortho-meta-unsubstituted congeners, whereas black guillemot poorly metabolised meta-para unsubstituted congeners. Species-specific differences in PCB biotransformation were confirmed by metabolic indices, where PCB patterns in seabirds were adjusted for PCB pattern in prey. The relative contribution of ortho-meta-unsubstituted congeners to P PCBs decreased with increasing EROD activity. There were no differences in PCB concentrations, PCB patterns or cytochrome P450 enzyme activities between males and females. CYP P450 activities (CYP1A-and CYP2B/3A-like: EROD and testosterone 6b-hydroxylation, respectively) were low and did not correlate with concentrations of non-or mono-ortho Cl-substituted PCBs (NO-and MO-PCBs), or with total toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) for dioxin-like effects of NO-and MO-PCBs.

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“…These factors, or axes, are orthogonal linear combinations of the measurement variables and can be useful when examining or comparing the structure of biological communities. When the first two axes of the ordination function are plotted, data from an experimental system with similar characteristics lie close together, while those with dissimilar characteristics are plotted far apart (van Wijngaarden et al, 1995).…”

Section: Principal Component Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5, with most of the sites located near the origin. Because the origin represents the mean concentration of all samples, the results reflect the relatively low concentration of OCPs in the samples (van Wijngaarden et al, 1995). The concentration of OCPs and the degradation behavior of DDT and HCH-isomers for the 30 samples sites are presented in Fig.…”

Section: Principal Component Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and ordination of DDT and HCH in soil samples from the Guanting Reservoir, China

et al. 2005

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, drawing much scientific and public attention due to their bioaccumulation potential, persistence and toxicity. Soil samples from three villages around the Guanting Reservoir, one of BeijingÕs five major water systems located to the northwest of the city, were collected in 2003 and analyzed to determine DDT and HCH-concentrations. The samples were also analyzed for soil texture, pH, and concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to investigate their possible relationship to current OCP-concentrations. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to study the distribution and contamination levels of OCPs within the study area. Classification splits were made to divide the 30 samples into three groups. The first group contained samples in soils from village C; the second group contained all of the samples in village B and most of the samples in village A; and the third group contained just three samples from village A, and the three samples had a relatively high concentration of OCPs. Ordination plots of the first two axes from PCA (cumulative percentage 80.91%) were constructed to explore the HCH and DDT-distribution patterns as well as the degradation ratios between the parent substances and their isomers.

show abstract

Ordination techniques for analysing response of biological communities to toxic stress in experimental ecosystems

Cited by 102 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim, and Linuron on the Ecology of a Small Indoor Aquatic Microcosm

Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Carbendazim, and Linuron on the Ecology of a Small Indoor Aquatic Microcosm

Bioaccumulation of PCBs in Arctic seabirds: influence of dietary exposure and congener biotransformation

Classification and ordination of DDT and HCH in soil samples from the Guanting Reservoir, China

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