Orf virus infection of the hand in a Scottish sheep farmer. A case report to increase awareness to avoid misdiagnosis

Khan, Yasmeen; Currie, J. M.; Miller, Clare; Lawrie, David

doi:10.1080/23320885.2021.2016057

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…For the transmission of ORFV to humans, the most widely reported route is direct contact with diseased animals ( Nougairede et al, 2013 ; Kitchen et al, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ; Hasheminasab et al, 2016 ; Lopez-Cedeno et al, 2018 ; Andreani et al, 2019 ; Qiu and Yanes, 2021 ; Khan et al, 2022 ). However, several important clues doses implicate the presence of other transmission routes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several important clues doses implicate the presence of other transmission routes. For example, Khan et al (2022) reported a case of Orf in a Scottish Sheep farmer with pain and discomfort. She had not seen any Orf lesions around the mouths of her sheep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human-to-human transmission also exists, although such cases are very rare ( Turk et al, 2014 ; Rajkomar et al, 2016 ). The clinical manifestation of human Orf usually starts as small papules, which then progresses into severe pustular dermatitis lesions ( Spyrou and Valiakos, 2015 ; Qiu and Yanes, 2021 ; Khan et al, 2022 ). The lesions are most commonly seen on hands and arms in humans, while they have also been reported on the nose ( Gurel et al, 2002 ; Ata et al, 2017 ), in perineal locations ( Kennedy and Lyell, 1984 ) and on the forehead ( Turk et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orf Virus Detection in the Saliva and Milk of Dairy Goats

Pang

Lei

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Orf is a zoonotic and highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf outbreaks in sheep and goats usually lead to high culling rate and mortality in newborn kids and lambs, posing a great threat to the development of goat and sheep industry. Human Orf occurs via direct contact with infected animals or fomites. While this disease is traditionally thought to spread through direct contact, whether other transmission routes exist remains unclear. Herein, we report the detection of ORFV in the saliva and milk of dairy goats without clinical Orf symptoms. Further analyses showed that these ORFV are infectious, as they can induce characteristic cytopathic changes in primary mammary and lip cells. Importantly, these ORFV can induce typical Orf lesions after inoculation in ORFV-free dairy goats. This is the first study showing that live, infectious ORFV can be isolated from the saliva and milk of asymptomatic goats, highlighting novel potential transmission routes of ORFV. These findings provide a novel idea for the prevention and control of Orf spread.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orf Virus Detection in the Saliva and Milk of Dairy Goats

Pang

Lei

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Orf primarily affects domestic small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, and occasionally wild small ruminants like deer and camels (5,6). The disease can be transmitted to humans either through direct contact with infected animals or by consuming contaminated animal products (7)(8)(9). The case of human-to-human transmission of Orf has also been reported recently (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf viruses from goats in Jiangxi province, China

Zhang,

Meng

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Orf is a zoonosis caused by the Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in goats, sheep, and wild ruminants worldwide. Orf infection is prevalent in China, with outbreaks reported in several provinces. Currently, there is limited information available regarding the characterization of ORFV strains in Jiangxi province. This study investigated an acute outbreak of Orf that occurred in 2021 in a goat herd in the Jiangxi province of China. Clinical signs in this case included lesions on the lips, nose, and inside the mouth. The presence of ORFV was confirmed from tissue samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequences of the B2L and F1L genes were fully sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The results of this investigation identified the ORFV JXxy2021 as the cause of the outbreak. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ORFV strain JXxy2021 had the highest similarity to the ORFV strains GO and FJ-SL from the neighboring province of Fujian. This suggests that JXxy2021 was likely transmitted from Fujian province. The results have provided valuable information on the genetic characteristics of JXxy2021 and the endemic situations of Orf in China.

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“…Cases of human-to-human transmission of orf are rare but do occur (Turk et al, 2014;Rajkomar et al, 2016;Bouscarat and Descamps, 2017). Clinical manifestation of human orf usually begins with small papules, which then progress into severe pustular dermatitis lesions, most commonly on the hands and arms (Khan et al, 2021;Qiu and Yanes, 2021). Although orf in humans is a benign and self-limiting disease, it can become complicated in patients with compromised immune systems (Lederman et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and characterization of a novel linear B-cell epitope on orf virus F1L protein

Zhang,

Feng

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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BackgroundOrf, also known as contagious ecthyma (CE), is an acute, contagious zoonotic disease caused by the orf virus (ORFV). The F1L protein is a major immunodominant protein on the surface of ORFV and can induce the production of neutralizing antibodies.MethodsThe prokaryotic expression system was used to produce the recombinant F1L protein of ORFV, which was subsequently purified and used to immunize mice. Positive hybridoma clones were screened using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The reactivity and specificity of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) were verified through Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). The linear antigenic epitope specific to the mAb was identified through Western blot, using truncated F1L proteins expressed in eukaryotic cells. A multiple sequence alignment of the ORFV reference strains was performed to evaluate the degree of conservation of the identified epitope.ResultsAfter three rounds of subcloning, a mAb named Ba-F1L was produced. Ba-F1L was found to react with both the exogenously expressed F1L protein and the native F1L protein from ORFV-infected cells, as confirmed by Western blot and IFA. The mAb recognized the core epitope 103CKSTCPKEM111, which is highly conserved among various ORFV strains, as shown by homologous sequence alignment.ConclusionThe mAb produced in the present study can be used as a diagnostic reagent for detecting ORFV and as a basic tool for exploring the mechanisms of orf pathogenesis. In addition, the identified linear epitope may be valuable for the development of epitope-based vaccines.

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Orf virus infection of the hand in a Scottish sheep farmer. A case report to increase awareness to avoid misdiagnosis

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Orf Virus Detection in the Saliva and Milk of Dairy Goats

Orf Virus Detection in the Saliva and Milk of Dairy Goats

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf viruses from goats in Jiangxi province, China

Screening and characterization of a novel linear B-cell epitope on orf virus F1L protein

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