Organ distribution of diclazepam, pyrazolam and 3-fluorophenmetrazine

Lehmann, Sabrina; Sczyslo, Alissa; Froch-Cortis, Judith; Rothschild, Markus A.; Thevis, Mario; Andresen‐Streichert, Hilke; Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender, Katja

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109959

Cited by 18 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The absence of metabolites, furthermore, suggests that pyrazolam does not biotransform in the body as much as other analogous benzodiazepines. Lehmann et al ( 52 ) detected it in various body fluids and tissues, which indicates widespread distribution in the body after ingestion. Its concentration varied from 11 μg/L in pericardial fluid to as high as 500 μg/L in urine.…”

Section: Toxicology and Public Health Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent findings and advancements in the detection of designer benzodiazepines: a brief review

Wu,

2023

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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This review article takes a closer look at a new class of psychoactive substances called designer benzodiazepines (DBZs) and the challenges of their detection. These are adinazolam, clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, phenazepam, and pyrazolam. They are central nervous system depressants and sedatives that can cause psychomotor impairment and increase the overdose risk when combined with other sedatives. DBZs undergo phase I and II metabolism similar to traditional benzodiazepines, but their specific metabolic pathways and the influence of genetic polymorphisms are yet to be clarified. Advances in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have enhanced the method's sensitivity for DBZs and their metabolites in biological samples and coupled with improved blood sampling methods require less blood for drug monitoring. Further research should focus on elucidating their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism in humans, especially in view of genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions that could inform clinical treatment choices. Even though we have witnessed important advances in DBZ detection and measurement, further refinements are needed to expand the scope of detectable DBZs and their metabolites. All this should help toxicological research to better identify and characterise the risks of chronic and polydrug abuse and facilitate clinical, forensic, and regulatory responses to this growing issue.

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Section: Toxicology and Public Health Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent findings and advancements in the detection of designer benzodiazepines: a brief review

Wu,

2023

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…Phencyclidine analogues are N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and include ketamine, 3-MeO-PCP, diphenidine, methoxetamine (MXE), 2F-DCK and 3-MeO-PCE ( Lehmann et al, 2018 ; Arbouche et al, 2021 ). Designer benzodiazepines include NPS that contain a benzodiazepine core, including structurally closely related compounds and are not controlled under the international drug control system ( Lehmann et al, 2019 ; EMCDDA, 2021b ).…”

Section: Fatal Cases Involving New Psychoactive Substance Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal cases involving new psychoactive substances and trends in analytical techniques

et al. 2022

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New psychoactive substances (NPS) are an emerging public health issue and deaths are commonly associated with polydrug abuse. Moreover, the number of new substances available is constantly increasing, causing intoxications in low doses, characteristics that impose to toxicology and forensic laboratories to keep routine methods up to date, with high detectability and constantly acquiring new analytical standards. Likewise, NPS metabolites and respective elimination pathways are usually unknown, making it difficult the detection and confirmation of the drug involved in the fatal case in an analytical routine. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases for papers related to chromatographic analyses from fatal cases related to NPS use published from 2016 to 2021. A total of 96 papers were retrieved and reviewed in this study. Opioids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines/amphetamines and cannabinoids were the NPS classes most found in the fatal cases. In many cases, multiple compounds were detected in the biological samples, including prescription and other illegal drugs. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, an alternative to overcome the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry limitations for some compounds, was the analytical technique most used in the studies, and high resolution mass spectrometry was often applied to NPS metabolite investigation and structural characterization and identification of unknown compounds. Toxicological screening and quantitation methods need to be continuously updated to include new substances that are emerging on the drug market that can be fatal at very low doses.

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Liquid Handling in Laboratory Automation

2022

Devices and Systems for Laboratory Automation

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Organ distribution of diclazepam, pyrazolam and 3-fluorophenmetrazine

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Recent findings and advancements in the detection of designer benzodiazepines: a brief review

Recent findings and advancements in the detection of designer benzodiazepines: a brief review

Fatal cases involving new psychoactive substances and trends in analytical techniques

Liquid Handling in Laboratory Automation

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