Organ Dose Calculation in Medical X Ray Examinations by the Program PCXMC

Servomaa, A; Tapiovaara, M. J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032509

Cited by 134 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It has several advantages which should be noted. Firstly, as Servomaa and Tapiovaara (1998) reported, dose calculations with PCXMC agree well with doses calculations provided by the National Radiation Protection Board (24). Computation of organ doses can be undertaken for patients of different ages and sizes in freely adjustable X-ray projections and can take into consideration other examination parameters (25).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

AP versus PA positioning in lumbar spine computed radiography: Image quality and individual organ doses

Davey

England

2015

Radiography

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2 ABSTRACTPurpose: Radiological imaging examinations must be optimised in order to ensure that the radiation dose is kept as low as reasonably possible (ALARP). The aim of this study was to compare anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) projections of the lumbar spine, at various kVp increments, in order to establish optimum parameters.Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom was imaged in both the AP/PA projections and at various kVp increments. Acquisitions were undertaken using a Wolverson Acroma X-ray unit and processed using an Agfa computed radiography (CR) unit. The entrance surface dose was recorded and converted to effective and organ doses using PCXMC 2.0 software. Five observers were then asked to evaluate the images, using a two-alternative force choice (2AFC) approach and a scale based on EC guidelines. Results:The PA projection lowered the mean effective dose by 19.8% and also the mean absorbed dose to the stomach (70.4%), colon (61.1%), remainder tissues (33.2%), ovaries (7.3%) and testes (15.9%). However, this was at the expense of slightly inferior image quality, not statistically significant. For AP projections, a higher kVp is a further option for dose reduction.Conclusion: Dose optimisation requires the production of an image that is acceptable for the purpose intended. Based on ALARP, and when taking into consideration the dose reductions in this study, it may now be time to routinely use PA projections when imaging the lumbar spine. The use of a higher kVp should also be considered as an option but would be more useful for AP projections.3

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

AP versus PA positioning in lumbar spine computed radiography: Image quality and individual organ doses

Davey

England

2015

Radiography

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“…The DAP readout was corrected with an experimentally determined calibration factor [10]. Effective dose conversion factors, i.e., effective dose normalized to DAP (mSv/Gy cm 2 ), were derived by means of Monte Carlo calculations with the PCXMC software [13]. These dose conversion factors were calculated separately for fluoroscopy and for angiography of both lungs, taking into account the specific tube voltage, beam filtration, and projection.…”

Section: Pulmonary Digital Subtraction Angiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation exposure of multi-row detector spiral computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries: comparison with digital subtraction pulmonary angiography

et al. 2002

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The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effective dose of multidetector computed tomographic angiography (MDCT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) studies for diagnosing a pulmonary embolus (PE). Radiation exposure was measured as computed tomography dose index (MDCT) or as dose-area product (DSA) and was subsequently expressed in the quantity effective dose. Effective doses were obtained in 27 patients who underwent MDCT and in 12 patients who underwent DSA for suspected PE. The MDCT angiography was performed on a Siemens Volume Zoom CT scanner and DSA on a Philips Integris V-3000 system according to standardized protocols. Average effective dose for MDCT angiography of the pulmonary arteries (27 patients) was 4.2 mSv (range 2.2-6.0 mSv). Pulmonary DSA gained an average effective dose (12 patients) of 7.1 mSv (range 3.3-17.3 mSv). Our results show that the effective doses in MDCT angiography studies for PE are moderate and even slightly lower in comparison with pulmonary DSA in a comparable patient group. Variations in patient dose are smaller for MDCT, probably because this procedure can be more strictly protocolized. Patient dose should not be restrictive in the discussion of CTA replacing DSA for diagnosing PE.

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“…The reliability of this software for the calculation of doses to premature newborns has been proved by several authors. [14][15][16] Results and Discussion…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation doses and risks to neonates undergoing radiographic examinations in intensive care units in Tunisia

Bouaoun

Ben-Omrane

Hammou

2015

Int J Cancer Ther Oncol

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Original ArticleAbstract Purpose: To assess the radiation doses to neonates from diagnostic radiography in order to derive the local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for optimisation purposes. Methods: This study was carried out in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) of two hospitals in Tunis. 134 babies, with weights ranging from 635 g to 6680 g, performed chest-abdomen X-ray examinations. Neonates were categorized into groups of birth weight. For each X-ray examination, patient data and exposure parameters were recorded. Dose area product (DAP) was measured and entrance surface dose (ESD) was estimated. Effective dose was calculated from the Monte Carlo simulation software PCXMC. Results: DAP values increased with neonatal weight and demonstrated a wide variation (5.0 -43.0 mGy.cm 2 , mean 23.4 mGy.cm 2 ) for patient weight from 600 g to 4000 g. A wide variation was also observed for ESD (14 -93 μGy, mean 55.2 μGy). The LDRLs expressed in term of DAP were estimated to be 17.6 mGy.cm 2 and 29.1 mGy.cm 2 for the first and the second NICU, respectively. In terms of effective dose, the average value was about 31.6 μSv single radiological examination. The results show the necessity to use a standardized protocol with high voltage technique combined to lower current time product (mAs) values and an adapted collimation which could lead to further reductions in the neonatal doses. Conclusion: This study presents the LDRLs and the effective doses for neonates in two NICUs and demonstrates the necessity to optimize patient protection for this category of patient.

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Organ Dose Calculation in Medical X Ray Examinations by the Program PCXMC

Cited by 134 publications

References 4 publications

AP versus PA positioning in lumbar spine computed radiography: Image quality and individual organ doses

AP versus PA positioning in lumbar spine computed radiography: Image quality and individual organ doses

Radiation exposure of multi-row detector spiral computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries: comparison with digital subtraction pulmonary angiography

Radiation doses and risks to neonates undergoing radiographic examinations in intensive care units in Tunisia

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