Organ Metallome Processed with Chemometric Methods Enable the Determination of Elements that May Serve as Markers of Exposure to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Male Rats
Abstract:The systemic influence of iron oxide nanoparticles on the elemental homeostasis of key organs was examined in male rats. In tissues taken at different intervals from nanoparticles injection, the dynamics of elemental changes was analyzed. The organ metallome was studied using total reflection X-ray fluorescence. The obtained data were processed with advanced cluster and discriminant analyses-to classify the tissues according to their organs of origin and to distinguish accurately the nanoparticletreated and no… Show more
“…Figure 5 shows the interaction between IONPs and biological cells. IONPs can destabilize homeostasis at different levels [ 91 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite their advantages, in vivo and in vitro toxicity associated with IONPs has been reported in human cells [ 106 , 107 ]. Therefore, it is critical to determine how IONP-based drug carriers are metabolized, degraded, and/or successfully eliminated after drug release at the target tissue [ 91 ]. The cytotoxicity of IONPs can be attributed to the high amount of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ions exposed on the large surface area of the nanoparticles, as well as their aggregation, which impacts their distribution and removal, and may lead to excessive cellular accumulation [ 30 , 105 ].…”
Background
One-third of the world's population has anemia, contributing to higher morbidity and death and impaired neurological development. Conventional anemia treatment raises concerns about iron bioavailability and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. This research aims to establish how iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) interact with probiotic cells and how they affect iron absorption, bioavailability, and microbiota variation.
Methods
Pointing to the study of the literature and developing a review and critical synthesis, a robust search methodology was utilized by the authors. The literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Information was collected between January 2017 and June 2022 using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) protocols for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We identified 122 compatible research articles.
Results
The research profile of the selected scientific articles revealed the efficacy of IONPs treatment carried by probiotics versus conventional treatment. Therefore, the authors employed content assessment on four topics to synthesize previous studies. The key subjects of the reviewed reports are the characteristics of the IONPs synthesis method, the evaluation of cell absorption and cytotoxicity of IONPs, and the transport of IONPs with probiotics in treating anemia.
Conclusions
To ensure a sufficient iron level in the enterocyte, probiotics with the capacity to attach to the gut wall transport IONPs into the enterocyte, where the maghemite nanoparticles are released.
Graphical Abstract
“…Figure 5 shows the interaction between IONPs and biological cells. IONPs can destabilize homeostasis at different levels [ 91 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite their advantages, in vivo and in vitro toxicity associated with IONPs has been reported in human cells [ 106 , 107 ]. Therefore, it is critical to determine how IONP-based drug carriers are metabolized, degraded, and/or successfully eliminated after drug release at the target tissue [ 91 ]. The cytotoxicity of IONPs can be attributed to the high amount of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ions exposed on the large surface area of the nanoparticles, as well as their aggregation, which impacts their distribution and removal, and may lead to excessive cellular accumulation [ 30 , 105 ].…”
Background
One-third of the world's population has anemia, contributing to higher morbidity and death and impaired neurological development. Conventional anemia treatment raises concerns about iron bioavailability and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. This research aims to establish how iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) interact with probiotic cells and how they affect iron absorption, bioavailability, and microbiota variation.
Methods
Pointing to the study of the literature and developing a review and critical synthesis, a robust search methodology was utilized by the authors. The literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Information was collected between January 2017 and June 2022 using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) protocols for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We identified 122 compatible research articles.
Results
The research profile of the selected scientific articles revealed the efficacy of IONPs treatment carried by probiotics versus conventional treatment. Therefore, the authors employed content assessment on four topics to synthesize previous studies. The key subjects of the reviewed reports are the characteristics of the IONPs synthesis method, the evaluation of cell absorption and cytotoxicity of IONPs, and the transport of IONPs with probiotics in treating anemia.
Conclusions
To ensure a sufficient iron level in the enterocyte, probiotics with the capacity to attach to the gut wall transport IONPs into the enterocyte, where the maghemite nanoparticles are released.
Graphical Abstract
The rising incidence of fungal infections and the increasing prevalence of antifungal resistance highlight the need for rapid and reliable diagnostic methods. This study investigates the potential of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to identify spectroscopic markers of drug resistance in selected Candida strains. In this pilot study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was employed to analyse the biochemical composition of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida dubliniensis isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics were determined using antibiotic concentration gradient strips, and the spectral data were processed to identify differences between resistant and sensitive isolates. Based on the results for Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida dubliniensis, specific ATR-FITR spectroscopic markers of drug resistance were identified, highlighting the necessity for these markers to be antibiotic-specific. Despite the study's limitations the findings underscore the potential of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in identifying spectroscopic markers of antifungal resistance. These preliminary results provide a foundation for further research, which could lead to the development of rapid diagnostic tools for detecting drug-resistant Candida strains, thereby improving the management and treatment of fungal infections.
Background: Research on elemental changes in tissues and organs provides valuable information enabling better understanding of the physiological processes occurring in a living organism, as well as the pathogenesis and course of various diseases. They may also contribute to the development of new, more effective, and safer therapeutic strategies. So far, they have been carried out mainly on male individuals because of the easier planning and conducting of experiments as well as the lower variability of the results in comparison with studies involving females. Methods: The significance of incorporating both sexes in research concerning elemental alterations of tissues may be unveiled by data concerning the influence of sex on the physiological levels of selected elements in various rat organs. Therefore, here we determined and compared the levels of P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Se in brains, hearts, kidneys, livers, and spleens taken from male and female rats. To measure the concentrations of the elements in digested tissue samples, ICP-OES and TXRF methods were utilized. Results: Significant differences between male and female rats were found for all the organs examined, and the concentrations of most of the tested elements were higher in males than females. The exception was Fe, the level of which in the kidneys and liver was higher in female rats. Sex influenced the elemental composition of spleen the most. For the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver, differences were sparse and were found mainly for the heavier elements.
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