Organ-Specific Transcription of Putative Flavonol Synthase Genes of Grapevine and Effects of Plant Hormones and Shading on Flavonol Biosynthesis in Grape Berry Skins

Fujita, Akiko; Goto‐Yamamoto, Nami; Aramaki, Isao; Hashizume, Katsumi

doi:10.1271/bbb.70.632

Cited by 114 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The presence of elements related to light does not contradict the fact that the transcription of these genes was affected by shading. However, the effect of shading on the transcription of the flavan-3-ol biosynthetic genes was weaker than that of a biosynthetic gene of flavonols (Fujita et al, 2006), which act as a UV protectant (Flint et al, 1985), and the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (Jeong et al, 2004).…”

Section: Transcription Of the Anr And Lar Genesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Increased exposure to light generally stimulates anthocyanin accumulation in grape berries (Jeong et al, 2004;Kataoka et al, 2003), while Bergqvist et al (2001) reported that excessive sunlight exposure resulted in decreased anthocyanin concentrations, likely to be a result of the elevated temperature. Shading of the berries significantly reduces the flavonol content and mRNA accumulation of one of the flavonol synthase genes in berry skins (Downey et al, 2004;Fujita et al, 2006). Downey et al (2004) reported that shading had no significant effect on the levels of anthocyanins or condensed tannins in ripe 'Shiraz' berries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Shading on Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Grape Berry

Fujita¹,

Soma²,

Goto‐Yamamoto³

et al. 2007

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Proanthocyanidins, which are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ol units (e.g., (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin), are important components of grapes for red winemaking. Flavan-3-ols are biosynthesized by the catalysis of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). In this study, we investigated the effect of shading on proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in berries of Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. Shading of the berries reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and the transcription of ANR and LAR genes in the skins during berry development, while no significant effect was observed in the seeds. Because the proanthocyanidins significantly decreased in the skins and seeds of the control berries during ripening, the levels of proanthocyanidins were similar in the shaded and control berries at the harvest stage.

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Section: Transcription Of the Anr And Lar Genesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Shading on Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Grape Berry

Fujita¹,

Soma²,

Goto‐Yamamoto³

et al. 2007

J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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“…Low ambient temperatures during the maturation stages of grape berries increased anthocyanin accumulation in grape skin, whereas high ambient temperatures decreased it (Mori et al, 2005;Yamane et al, 2006). Exposure of grape bunches to light increased the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of their biosynthesis genes, whereas shading reduced both (Cortell and Kennedy, 2006;Downey et al, 2004;Fujita et al, 2006;Jeong et al, 2004;Matus et al, 2009). Although many studies have been performed to determine the impact of environmental factors on anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skin, the interrelationships between temperature and light in terms of their effects on anthocyanin biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated at the molecular level.…”

Section: Low Temperature and Light Have A Synergistic Effect On Anthomentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and Environmental Impacts on the Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins in Grapes

Azuma

2018

The Hortic J

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Because of the commercial importance of grapes (Vitis spp.), it is important to understand how grape coloration is affected by genetic and environmental factors, as this knowledge may contribute to more stable production of high-quality grapes. The color of berry skins is determined mainly by the quantity and composition of anthocyanins. This review summarizes the results of recent studies of the genetic and environmental regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry skin: (i) The myeloblastosis (MYB) haplotype composition at the color locus is the major genetic factor that determines the anthocyanin content.(ii) The MYB haplotype composition at the color locus and the anthocyanin O-methyltransferase locus are major genetic determinants of the ratios of tri-to di-hydroxylated anthocyanins and of methylated to nonmethylated anthocyanins. (iii) The accumulation of anthocyanins depends on both low temperature and light, and the two factors have a synergistic effect on the expression of genes within the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. (iv) Comprehensive transcriptome analysis using a grape oligo-DNA microarray let my research group identify many candidate genes involved in low-temperature-induced abscisic acid signaling and light signaling networks related to anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skin. These findings will allow prediction of the skin color of grapes from seedlings at a very young stage by examining the MYB haplotype composition. Furthermore, these results will contribute to a fuller understanding of how grape coloration is affected by environmental factors, thereby helping grape growers to develop cultivation techniques that contribute to the production of highly pigmented grapes.

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“…The results were compared with those of Vv GT1 (Ford et al, 1998), which is responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in grapevine berry skin and Vv FLS1 (also termed Vv FLS4), which is responsible for flavonol biosynthesis (Fujita et al, 2006;Czemmel et al, 2009) (Figure 3, left panels). The Vv GT5 transcript was abundant in berry skin and increased at the onset of pigmentation (veraison), with the highest level of transcription detected in the fully pigmented skin (exocarp) of mature berries ( Figure 3, second panel).…”

Section: Quantitative Rt-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flavonol aglycons are biosynthesized from dihydroflavonols by the action of flavonol synthase (Vv FLS), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, which is temporally regulated by an R2R3-Myb transcription factor, Vv MYBF1 (Fujita et al, 2006;Czemmel et al, 2009). Subsequently, glycosylation of flavonols enhances their water solubility, such that high concentrations of flavonols can accumulate in plant cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Differentiation of the Glycosyltransferases That Contribute to the Chemical Diversity of Bioactive Flavonol Glycosides in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera)

et al. 2010

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We identified two glycosyltransferases that contribute to the structural diversification of flavonol glycosides in grapevine (Vitis vinifera): glycosyltransferase 5 (Vv GT5) and Vv GT6. Biochemical analyses showed that Vv GT5 is a UDP-glucuronic acid:flavonol-3-O-glucuronosyltransferase (GAT), and Vv GT6 is a bifunctional UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose:flavonol-3-Oglucosyltransferase/galactosyltransferase. The Vv GT5 and Vv GT6 genes have very high sequence similarity (91%) and are located in tandem on chromosome 11, suggesting that one of these genes arose from the other by gene duplication. Both of these enzymes were expressed in accordance with flavonol synthase gene expression and flavonoid distribution patterns in this plant, corroborating their significance in flavonol glycoside biosynthesis. The determinant of the specificity of Vv GT5 for UDP-glucuronic acid was found to be Arg-140, which corresponded to none of the determinants previously identified for other plant GATs in primary structures, providing another example of convergent evolution of plant GAT. We also analyzed the determinants of the sugar donor specificity of Vv GT6. Gln-373 and Pro-19 were found to play important roles in the bifunctional specificity of the enzyme. The results presented here suggest that the sugar donor specificities of these Vv GTs could be determined by a limited number of amino acid substitutions in the primary structures of protein duplicates, illustrating the plasticity of plant glycosyltransferases in acquiring new sugar donor specificities. INTRODUCTIONGrapevine (Vitis vinifera) ( Figure 1A) has been one of the most important fruit crops from the beginning of human civilization (McGovern et al., 1997). Dietary intake of grapevine-based products results in diverse biological effects that are beneficial to human health, in part due to polyphenols, such as flavonoids (e.g., flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins) (Renaud and de Lorgeril, 1992;Corder et al., 2001Corder et al., , 2006Baur et al., 2006). Flavonols, such as kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, are an important class of bioactive flavonoids, which are most abundant as their 3-O-glycosides (i.e., glucoside, glucuronoside, galactoside, and rutinoside) in the berries, seeds, and leaves of grapevine (Hmamouchi et al., 1996;Castillo-Munoz et al., 2009).In this plant, biosynthesis of flavonol glycosides primarily serves to protect the plant from excess UV light (Price et al., 1995;Matus et al., 2009). Flavonol aglycons are biosynthesized from dihydroflavonols by the action of flavonol synthase (Vv FLS), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, which is temporally regulated by an R2R3-Myb transcription factor, Vv MYBF1 (Fujita et al., 2006;Czemmel et al., 2009). Subsequently, glycosylation of flavonols enhances their water solubility, such that high concentrations of flavonols can accumulate in plant cells.From a food chemistry perspective, flavonol glycosides define the color of wine grapes and products by acting as copigments (Yoshitama et al., 1992;Boulto...

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Organ-Specific Transcription of Putative Flavonol Synthase Genes of Grapevine and Effects of Plant Hormones and Shading on Flavonol Biosynthesis in Grape Berry Skins

Cited by 114 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of Shading on Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Grape Berry

Effect of Shading on Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Grape Berry

Genetic and Environmental Impacts on the Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins in Grapes

Functional Differentiation of the Glycosyltransferases That Contribute to the Chemical Diversity of Bioactive Flavonol Glycosides in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera)

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