Organelle-specific localization of glutathione in plants grown under different light intensities and spectra

Abstract

Plant ascorbate and glutathione metabolism counteracts oxidative stress mediated, for example, by excess light. In this review, we discuss the properties of immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy, redox-sensitive dyes or probes and bright-field microscopy, confocal microscopy or fluorescence microscopy for the visualization and quantification of glutathione at the cellular or subcellular level in plants and the quantification of glutathione from isolated organelles. In previous studies, we showed that subcellular ascorbate and glutathione levels in Arabidopsis are affected by high light stress. The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is gaining increasing importance in growing indoor crops and ornamental plants. A combination of different LED types allows custom-made combinations of wavelengths and prevents damage related to high photon flux rates. In this review we provide an overview on how different light spectra and light intensities affect glutathione metabolism at the cellular and subcellular levels in plants. Findings obtained in our most recent study demonstrate that both light intensity and spectrum significantly affected glutathione metabolism in wheat at the transcriptional level and caused genotype-specific reactions in the investigated Arabidopsis lines.

Non-Protein Thiol Compounds and Antioxidant Responses Involved in Bryophyte Heavy-Metal Tolerance

“…GSH is a low-molecular-weight thiol tripeptide constituted of glutamate (Glu), cysteine (Cys), and glycine (Gly) [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In plant cells, it was found in the different organelles, and it has been determined to have millimolar concentrations (0.08–15 mM) which differ markedly among plant species [ 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ]. In Arabidopsis leaf tissue, glutathione was measured in mitochondria (15 mM), nuclei (6.4 mM), cytosol (4.5 mM), peroxisomes (4.4 mM), chloroplasts (1.2 mM) and vacuole (0.08 mM) [ 107 ].…”

“…In plant cells, it was found in the different organelles, and it has been determined to have millimolar concentrations (0.08–15 mM) which differ markedly among plant species [ 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 ]. In Arabidopsis leaf tissue, glutathione was measured in mitochondria (15 mM), nuclei (6.4 mM), cytosol (4.5 mM), peroxisomes (4.4 mM), chloroplasts (1.2 mM) and vacuole (0.08 mM) [ 107 ]. Glutathione exists either in a reduced form (i.e., GSH) with a free thiol group or in an oxidized form (i.e., GSSG) with a disulphide bond linking two glutathione molecules [ 105 , 109 ].…”

Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Dependent Redox Regulation of Plant Metabolism

“…Similarly, the growth of wheat seedlings in supplementary FRL also affected the redox state of the glutathione pool during cold treatment, but it did not alter the recovery of the plants compared to their cultivation in WL [ 92 ]. The change in the redox state of the glutathione pool may not derive from the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in GSH synthesis as observed in wheat and Arabidopsis [ 170 ]. However, the enzymes involved in the reduction of GSSG or conjugation of GSH to other molecules may be controlled at the gene expression level.…”

How do barley plants with impaired photosynthetic light acclimation survive under high-light stress?

“…Glutathione, being a hydrophilic antioxidant found in all cell compartments (Zechmann 2014 ; Gasperl et al 2022 ) may have been involved in ROS protection at HL (Hebbelmann et al 2012 ; Heyneke et al 2013 ; Dorion et al 2021 ). Unlike to LL-grown WT plants, in HL-grown WT the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione decreased with increasing age (Fig.…”