Organelles and phytohormones: a network of interactions in plant stress responses

Abstract

Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to finetune growth and development in response to the ever-changing environment. To this end, they have to coordinate with other signaling components, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium signals. Especially the two endosymbiotic organelles, plastids and mitochondria, control various aspects of phytohormone signaling and harbour important steps of hormone precursor biosynthesis. Vice versa, phytohormones have feedback actions on organellar functions. Besides that, organelles and phytohormones often act in parallel in a coordinated matter to regulate cellular functions. Therefore, linking organelle functions with the increasing knowledge about phytohormone biosynthesis, perception and signaling will reveal new aspects of plant stress tolerance. In this review, we high-light recent work on organelle-phytohormone interactions focusing on the major stress related hormones abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonates, salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene.

Effects of Poty-Potexvirus Synergism on Growth, Photosynthesis and Metabolite Status of Nicotiana benthamiana

“…The glutathione synthesis pathway, during which cysteine, glutamate and glycine are joined together in a tightly regulated process in the cytoplasm, is connected to a pathway that is initiated at chloroplasts and leads to the cytoplasmic methionine cycle. One branch of this pathway leads to ethylene synthesis (pathway reviewed in [ 87 ]). Sulfate absorbed from the soil is reduced to cysteine, which is directed to the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds including methionine.…”

Co-regulation of mitochondrial and chloroplast function: Molecular components and mechanisms

“…We will not focus on the function of metabolite signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidation-reduction (redox) equivalents, or Ca 2+ unless their direct target(s) have been identified or they have been shown to co-regulate chloroplast and mitochondrial functions. The involvement and importance of such metabolite signaling molecules in organelle signaling has been extensively documented ( Bittner et al., 2022 ; Castro et al., 2021 ; Foyer and Hanke, 2022 ; Leister, 2019 ; Li and Kim, 2022 ; Noctor and Foyer, 2016 ; Pollastri et al., 2021 ). Overexpression or knockout of a variety of genes encoding mitochondrial or chloroplast proteins often results in changes in the other organelle.…”

Overexpression of okra transcription factor AeWRKY31 enhanced cold resistance of Arabidopsis by promoting ABA biosynthesis and inhibiting ROS generation

“…In plants, phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), gibberellin (GA), and salicylic acid (SA), affect many plant physiological processes, from functional gene expression to developmental phenotype (Bittner, et al 2022). Among them, ABA plays a vital role in modulating seed dormancy and germination, root architecture, cell senescence, and stomatal movement.…”