Organic acid in insects—I. Citric acid

Levenbook, L.; Hollis, Vincent W.

doi:10.1016/0022-1910(61)90091-9

Cited by 31 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, the concentrations of citrate recorded by Levenbook & Hollis (1961) for larvae of Bombyx mori and Prodenia eridania, 32.1 l n M and 20.5 mM respectively, actually exceed the concentrations of calcium tabulated by Florkin & Jeuniaux (1964). Thus, the concentrations of citrate recorded by Levenbook & Hollis (1961) for larvae of Bombyx mori and Prodenia eridania, 32.1 l n M and 20.5 mM respectively, actually exceed the concentrations of calcium tabulated by Florkin & Jeuniaux (1964).…”

Section: (I) Vertebratamentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Because of the large quantities of organic material often present in haemolymph, much of the calcium and magnesium must be unionized. Thus, the concentrations of citrate recorded by Levenbook & Hollis (1961) for larvae of Bombyx mori and Prodenia eridania, 32.1 l n M and 20.5 mM respectively, actually exceed the concentrations of calcium tabulated by Florkin & Jeuniaux (1964). Because of this, and because contamination of samples with the potassium of haemocytes is sometimes hard to avoid (Brady, 1967), no detailed analysis of cation balance is attempted here.…”

Section: (I) Vertebratamentioning

confidence: 53%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Significance of Ionic Concentrations in the Internal Media of Animals

Burton¹

1973

Biological Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary 1. The electrical and ionic gradients across a cell membrane depend on its permeability properties, on the concentration and net valency of the organic constituents of the cytoplasm and on the critical energy barrier to the extrusion of sodium. Such considerations do not, however, explain the small extent to which the concentration of potassium varies in myoplasm which may, instead, be related to the effects of potassium on particular enzymes. 2. The fact that the apparent optimum level of potassium cannot usually be maintained in animals in which the extracellular level of sodium is below about 140 mM may explain why so many non‐marine animals have internal media of about that concentration, for more concentrated body fluids would require more work for their regulation. 3. In axoplasm, the concentration of potassium is more nearly proportional to the concentration of sodium in the internal medium and this may partly explain the general correlation between the extracellular levels of sodium and potassium. 4. The relation between pH and temperature in poikilothermic vertebrates is such as to suggest that the prime function of acid‐base regulation is to control the ionization of imidazole groups. 5. High tensions of carbon dioxide cannot be maintained in water‐breathing animals because of the high solubility of this gas in water as compared with oxygen. Bicarbonate levels are correspondingly low to give a suitable pH. Higher tensions are possible in air‐breathing animals, and also necessary if water and heat are to be conserved, but an uncertain upper limit is set by the need for oxygen. The associated higher levels of bicarbonate confer the advantage of better buffering. 6. Calcium and bicarbonate levels are not obviously limited by the solubility of calcium carbonate and a more general limitation on the composition of body fluids seems to arise from the low solubilities of calcium phosphates. 7. The pattern of ionic balance in vertebrate plasma, reflected in a nearly constant value to the molar ratio ([Ca] + 5 × 10‐‐4)/([K] +0.034 [Na]), may be explained in terms of the maintenance of a constant electrical gradient across certain areas of cell membrane, between the inner and outer double layers. 8. The patterns of cation balance in the haemolymphs of molluscs, crustacea and insects are also reviewed, with emphasis on the correlations existing between the concentrations of different cations. An attempt is made to relate the correlations in the mollusca to the concentrations of cations at the surfaces of cells.

show abstract

Section: (I) Vertebratamentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: (I) Vertebratamentioning

confidence: 53%

The Significance of Ionic Concentrations in the Internal Media of Animals

Burton¹

1973

Biological Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This condition is fulfilled in housefly sarcosomes by the presence of a high content of endogenous citrate. The occurrence of high citrate concentrations in insects has often been observed (see, e.g., Levenbook & Hollis, 1961), but no physiological function has been found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyruvate oxidation and the permeability of housefly sarcosomes

Bergh¹

1964

Biochemical Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The presence of a high concentration of citrate in an insect was reported by Tsuji (1909), who estimated it in the larval haemolymph of Bombyx mori. Since then the only citrate analysis of insect haemolymph has been by Levenbook (1950) and Levenbook & Hollis (1961), who investigated it in the haemolymph of Ga8trophilu8 rnteatinali8 and in other insects belonging to six different Orders examined at various stages of development. The values obtained were higher than those found for the blood of higher organisms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The values obtained were higher than those found for the blood of higher organisms. This led Levenbook & Hollis (1961) to regard this phenomenon as a systematic 'biochemical characteristic of insects '. Patterson's (1956'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%