Organic bases catalyze the synthesis of urea from ammonium salts derived from recovered environmental ammonia

Manaka, Yuichi; Nagatsuka, Yuki; Motokura, Ken

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59795-6

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…It is routinely utilized in producing (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 crystals, such as those made from the caprolactam process . Cooling crystallization in the case of NH 4 HCO 3 was utilized because of the known propensity of it to decompose at elevated temperatures, a fundamental phenomenon chiefly utilized in the distillation section of scenario 2. To introduce common cations in model digestate, Na + was added as NaHCO 3 has also been shown to precipitate in addition to NH 4 HCO 3 , from ammonia-rich wastewater.…”

Section: Modeling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH₄HCO₃ Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

Drapanauskaitė

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Fox

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The growing interest in biogas production to obtain renewable electricity has led to the increasing availability of liquid digestate byproducts containing major nutrients, such as nitrogen, and the need for sustainable engineering developments toward its utilization. Currently, digestate return to the fields has been most popular but suffers from many problems, such as potent greenhouse gas emissions, including N2O, during storage, transport, and application. This work describes a newly designed process for the production of solid nitrogen fertilizers from liquid biogas production waste that circumvents many of the problems associated with handling and applying liquid digestate. In particular, solid ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) is engineered using solid separated biogas digestion reactor effluent to yield sustainable nitrogenous fertilizers. NH4HCO3 is considered a marketable fertilizer with a N content of 18% that represents an added value to the biogas producing facilities. The process design was performed to obtain an optimized recovery with virtually no nitrogen losses. The process developed relies on digestate distillation at 3.3 bar with the condenser operating at 49 °C and using cooling water. Solid crystals are obtained in a crystallizer at 12 °C and recovered via drying. For comparison, an open-loop air stripping process was developed to obtain ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) solid fertilizer. The resulting economics of both processes show that the capital cost associated with the NH4HCO3 process is much lower together with the consumption of the utilities. A life cycle assessment approach was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of the new NH4HCO3 process using distillation and the (NH4)2SO4 process using air stripping technology, compared to the base case with liquid digestate applied directly onto the fields. The two primary impact categories of concern in this technical area are global warming potential (GWP) and eutrophication potential (EP). In particular, NH4HCO3 and (NH4)2SO4 processes have ∼25% lower GWP impact because of the reduced land application which is negated because of the utility use. EP was reduced by ∼50 and 20%. Notable was the negative and sizeable effect of both scenarios on ecotoxicity which stemmed from the need to use defoaming agents to address any potential transport problems across the vapor/liquid boundary.

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Section: Modeling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH₄HCO₃ Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

Drapanauskaitė

Handler

Fox

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Synthesis of urea from ammonium salts is possible using various catalysts with Lewis basicity (Fig. 8) 33) . Strongly basic catalysts with a pKa of 20 for the conjugate acid in acetonitrile were active in the synthesis of urea from ammonium carbamate.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Urea From Ammonium Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

有機分子触媒もしくは金属触媒を用いた二酸化炭素変換反応

Manaka

2021

J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst.

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Technology for the utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to gain importance in the near future. This review of studies describes the catalytic conversion of CO2 to chemically useful molecules. Catalysts have been used for the hydrosilylation of CO2, for the synthesis of formic acid (from hydrogen and CO2), for selective decomposition of formic acid to hydrogen and CO2, and for the synthesis of urea from ammonium ions and CO2. These catalytic systems will facilitate the sustainable recycling of CO2.

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“…[55,60,61] 1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU), an amidine-based compound is known for its catalytic reactivity for urea synthesis, [58,62] in the fixation of CO 2 by alcohols [63,64] or epoxides [65,66] providing the cyclic carbonates (CCs) and in many other reactions. [67][68][69] Moreover, guanidine-and thiourea-based catalysts afford activation of the carbonyl group through hydrogen bonding. [58,[70][71][72] The first green, eco-friendly, organocatalyzed, MW-assisted synthesis of [6]-oligourea was carried out by Qaroush et al, [29] later on a series of [n]-oligoureas; n = 4, 6, 7, 10, 12) as were utilized CO 2 -solid sorbents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, organocatalysts and are considered as commercially available alternatives for urea synthesis [55,60,61] . 1,8‐Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec‐7‐ene ( DBU ), an amidine‐based compound is known for its catalytic reactivity for urea synthesis, [58,62] in the fixation of CO 2 by alcohols [63,64] or epoxides [65,66] providing the cyclic carbonates (CCs) and in many other reactions [67–69] . Moreover, guanidine‐ and thiourea‐based catalysts afford activation of the carbonyl group through hydrogen bonding [58,70–72] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Cyclic/Acyclic Ureas from Propylene Carbonate

et al. 2022

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Herein, an organocatalyzed synthetic pathway for the preparation of (a)cyclic ureas from their parent primary aliphatic or aromatic mono‐/diamines with propylene carbonate (PC) as a carbonylating agent (CAT) obtaining reasonable to very good yields with high selectivity. Our method is considered green as nine out of twelve green chemistry principles (GCPs) are fulfilled. Most importantly, the absence of solvent, energy‐efficient pathway, in addition to the ease of synthesis and separation, under fast reaction times down to a few minutes together with the straightforward workup with minimum use of organic solvents. Our method was successful in preparing 1,3‐diphenylurea from aniline giving 8 % yield in 10 minutes, to our knowledge, this was not previously reported using aromatic amines with carbonate esters. The prepared compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and thermal techniques. The method is applicable for primary rather than secondary amines, which implies high chemoselectivity of the former for the synthesis of urea compounds.

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Organic bases catalyze the synthesis of urea from ammonium salts derived from recovered environmental ammonia

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH₄HCO₃ Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH₄HCO₃ Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

有機分子触媒もしくは金属触媒を用いた二酸化炭素変換反応

Green Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Cyclic/Acyclic Ureas from Propylene Carbonate

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Organic bases catalyze the synthesis of urea from ammonium salts derived from recovered environmental ammonia

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH4HCO3 Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH4HCO3 Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

有機分子触媒もしくは金属触媒を用いた二酸化炭素変換反応

Green Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Cyclic/Acyclic Ureas from Propylene Carbonate

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Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH₄HCO₃ Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment

Transformation of Liquid Digestate from the Solid-Separated Biogas Digestion Reactor Effluent into a Solid NH₄HCO₃ Fertilizer: Sustainable Process Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment