Organic Contaminants in Terrestrial Food Chains

Fries, George F.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4329-2_7

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…There are wild variations in the literature as to the amount of soil that is ingested by grazing cattle, and it is likely to vary substantially in practice, depending on location and circumstances (e.g., drought, overgrazing, and winter feeding indoors). Previously (Wild et al, 1994), soil was assumed to constitute 6% of the diet based on data from Fries (1991) and Stark and Hall (1992). Hence, for illustrative purposes, a lactating cow grazing a rural pasture consuming 15 kg (DW) of food per day was assumed to ingest 900 g of soil, yielding an intake of 0.45 ng of soilassociated 2,3,7,8-TCDD.…”

Section: Pcdd/f Intakes By Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Jones

Sewart

1997

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) are two groups of organic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment at ultratrace levels, but that have attracted considerable scientific and political concern because of their environmental persistence, tendency to bioaccumulate through the foodchain, and toxicity. In recent years they have attracted particular interest because of their presence in sewage sludges, and they have been included on listings of the "priority organic contaminants". PCDD/Fs are not produced intentionally, but are released into the environment in ultratrace amounts from various combustion processes and as a result of their occurrence as unwanted byproducts in various chlorinated chemical formulations (e.g., pentachlorophenol, PCP). There is continuing uncertainty over the relative importance of different sources of PCDD/Fs to the environment. The lowest and highest TEQ values for sewage sludge reported in the literature are 0.5 and 4100 ng/kg (DW). U.K. data reported in three surveys range between 9 and 206 ng/kg, with typical or representative values internationally in the range of 20 to 100 ng/kg. Many sources have been suggested as potential contributors to the PCDD/F composition of sludges. Combustion-derived inputs will provide a "baseline" input to the environment and hence sludge, which may be supplemented by trace impurities released from the manufacture and use of various chloroaromatics. PCP use in textiles has attracted attention as an important contributor in Germany. More recently, impurities in a dyestuff chloroanil have attracted attention. Atmospheric deposition and sewage sludge would appear to supply roughly equal amounts of PCDD/F to U.K. soils each year, although deposition will supply a greater TEQ. Based on the average composition of individual 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs measured in U.K. sludges, OCDD has the greatest potential to be enriched in sludge-amended soil, followed by a range of Hp-and Hx-CDD/Fs and OCDF. These PCDD/Fs all have relatively low TEF values. Enrichment of the lower-chlorinated tetra-and penta-CDD/Fs that have higher TEFs is less marked.A simple pathways assessment procedure is presented, focusing on the transfers into milk and meat from pastureland and based on TEQs. This is designed for dairy and beef cattle separately. The scheme could accommodate differences in dietary composition, with animals eating a mixture of herbage, fodder/grain, soil, and (potentially) sludge. Scenarios for unsludged rural and urban and typical and worst-case sludge amendment are considered. Increases in livestock PCDD/F intake due to most routine sludge additions in rural areas are shown to be minor compared with the differences 1064-3389/97/$.50 © 1997 by CRC Press LLC 1 Downloaded by [University of South Florida] at 10:51 09 October 2014projected between rural and urban grazing pasture. The only exceptions to this would result from unusually high rates of soil or sludge ingested. An assessment is made of the influence of unsludged rural and urban an...

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Section: Pcdd/f Intakes By Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Jones

Sewart

1997

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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“…Applications of DDT at rates exceeding 100 ppm had no effect on earthworm survival and concentrations of DDT or dieldrin as high as 64 ppm did not affect the survival of L. terrestris and A. caliginosa in laboratory studies. It was shown that earthworm activity was more or less normal in the area around Seveso, most highly contaminated by TCDD (dioxin), but there may have been an effect on the ratios of A. caliginosa to A. rosea, which were the most abundant species (Fries, 1991).…”

Section: Effects Of Pollution On Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As was the case with DDT and other chlorinated insecticides, background levels of PCBs, PCCDs and PCDFs occur in high portions in tested humans. These lipophilic compounds, occasionally suspect carcinogens and abundant in fatty foods, could easily be introduced into human beings when these compounds abound in the terrestrial environment (Fries, 1991). Of great concern is the extent to which pesticides reach rivers and lakes, because this may have impact both on aquatic life and humans if contamination extends to drinking waters.…”

Section: Agricultural Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential and Representatives for Application of Environmental Management System (EMS) to Food Industries

Arvanitoyannis¹

2008

Waste Management for the Food Industries

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“…In the case of potential human exposure, the primary concern often is the exposure to the potential mutagens and carcinogens. These materials are of more serious consequence to humans than to animal species because medical science allows the retention of many adverse mutations in the human (Fries, 1991). The atmosphere, which makes up the largest fraction of the biosphere, is a dynamic system that continuously absorbs a wide range of solids, liquids and gases from both natural and man‐made sources.…”

Section: Topics/categories Covered Under Eu Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presentation and comments on EU legislation related to food industries – environment interactions and waste management

Arvanitoyannis

Tserkezou

Choreftaki

2006

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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Although environment remained for a long time at the very top of most advanced countries governments' agenda priorities, and a series of protocols like Montreal (1987), Kyoto (2002), Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and legislations (White and Green Paper, 2001 and 1996, respectively) were put forward among others, the global awareness towards the environment continues to be at a very low level. The main problem towards enforcing legislation is the high cost invoked by most industries and municipalities. However, recent advances in remediation, composting, recycling technology have shown that waste treatment can result in high added value products (i.e. biodiesel, fertiliser) and advantageous to the environment as well. European Union (EU) legislation is currently considered one of the well-compiled and strict legislations compared with other advanced countries (USA, Canada and Japan). Although food industries are not included in the highly polluting ones, their great volume of waste materials generated, makes imperative their undertaking actions in this direction. This review aims at presenting all the EU laws (from the waste management perspective) in connection with the food industries and their interactions with the environment and vice versa.Waste management -general framework From the scope of EU Directive 75/442/EEC (entry into force 18/7/1977) the wastes excluded are: (a) radioactive waste, (b) waste resulting from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries, (c) animal carcases, (d) waste waters, (e) gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere and (f) waste covered by specific Community rules. Member States shall take appropriate steps to encourage the prevention, recycling and processing of waste, the EU laws for food industries -environment interactions I. S. Arvanitoyannis et al.

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Organic Contaminants in Terrestrial Food Chains

Cited by 10 publications

References 96 publications

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Dioxins and furans in sewage sludges: A review of their occurrence and sources in sludge and of their environmental fate, behavior, and significance in sludge‐amended agricultural systems

Potential and Representatives for Application of Environmental Management System (EMS) to Food Industries

Presentation and comments on EU legislation related to food industries – environment interactions and waste management

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